Did Christ really exist? Was there really a Big Bang? New denials

Spanking in Rus' until the twentieth century has always been the most common method of corporal punishment. Initially, representatives of almost all segments of the population, all genders and ages were subjected to it.

"Trade Execution" Punishment by flogging was first enshrined in law in the Code of Laws of 1497. They were punished this way for a variety of crimes. For example, they could have been flogged for daringly speaking out against the authorities. They hit mainly the back of the body - the back, thighs, buttocks. Most often, the person punished was completely undressed for this purpose. Punishment with a whip required special art. To do this, the executioner had to move a few steps away from his victim, and then spin the whip over his head with both hands and, with a loud cry, quickly approach the condemned person, bringing the instrument of torture down on his back. It was impossible to hit the same place twice. After each blow, the executioner was required to wipe off the blood and skin particles adhering to the whip from the whip. According to researcher Katoshikhin, the execution usually lasted several hours, with 30-40 blows of the whip applied per hour. One foreigner, who was an eyewitness to such a procedure, left the following testimony: “The executioner beats so brutally that with each blow the bones are exposed. Thus, he (the punished) is torn to pieces from the shoulders to the waist. The meat and skin hang in shreds.”

Many died from this. Everything depended on the individual characteristics of the body, as well as on the force of the blows. Some withstood 300 blows, and some fell like a sack after the first blow. If the executioner felt sorry for the person being punished, he could hit him weaker (sometimes for a bribe). Otherwise, he could have beaten him to death. In the era of Peter the Great, punishment with a whip was called “trade execution.” She was often appointed for political crimes in combination with branding. “Guilty!” Punishment with batogs was considered much lighter. The latter were thick sticks or rods with cut ends. Batogi were often used - to extract taxes and arrears, to beat serfs and subordinates. Sometimes the court ordered beatings with batogs - for theft, perjury, disrespect for royal family... Thus, a clerk was punished with batogs, who, when drinking to the sovereign’s health, did not take off his headdress. The execution took place like this. The person was placed face down on the floor or on the ground. One of the executioners sat on his legs, the other sat on his neck, clasping it with his knees. Then each of them took two batogs and beat them on the back and below the back of the victim until they decided to stop the punishment or until the bars broke.

At the same time, it was forbidden to strike the stomach, thighs and calves. Also, during the execution, the person being punished had to shout the word: “Guilty!” If he did not scream, then the punishment continued until he screamed and admitted his guilt. Through the gauntlet The punishment with spitzrutens - flexible rods about 2.1 meters in length and less than 4.5 centimeters in diameter - looked more cruel. They were used mainly to punish soldiers. This was called “running the gauntlet.” The method of punishment was borrowed from the Swedes and was introduced by Peter I in the Russian army in 1701. The person punished for this or that offense was stripped to the waist, his hands were tied to a gun, which was turned towards him with a bayonet so that the unfortunate man could not evade reprisals, and he was escorted between two rows of his comrades lined up to his right and left. Each soldier had to hit the offender on the back with a spitzruten. The regimental doctor followed the beaten person, counting the blows so that the punished person would not be marked to death or maimed. “Teachings” for children and women Children’s punishments were “blessed” by the famous “Domostroy”: “... but also to save through fear, punishing and teaching, and sometimes even beating.” Children in Rus' were usually flogged with rods. A rod was a bundle of rods used to strike the soft parts of the body. They could punish with rods for any offense, and this punishment was applied not only by parents or teachers, but also school teachers- let's say, for negligence in learning. Sometimes girls were also flogged. This method of punishment was applied to children of any class: it was considered useful for the child. In large families, they sometimes held weekly floggings on Saturdays, and often the offspring were flogged not only for actually committed offenses, but also as a preventive measure, “so that it would be discouraging.” Before carrying out the execution, bundles of rods were soaked in cold running water. Sometimes the soaking took place in a salty solution, and then the beating caused severe pain.

However, scars after such punishment rarely remained. Less often, a rope with knots was used to beat the younger generation, which was used to whip them backhand. Women were also flogged, most often with whips or rods. Domostroy prohibited the use of hard objects and methods of beating that could cause injury. A peasant woman could be “taught” by her husband - for impudent language, disobedience or suspicion of treason. Serf women and girls could be flogged by order of the landowner. The police flogged women who were illegally engaged in prostitution. But completely official corporal punishment also existed for representatives of the upper classes. Thus, two ladies-in-waiting of Catherine II were brutally flogged for the caricature they drew of Prince Potemkin. Even in Catherine's era, an attempt was made to soften the existing system of corporal punishment. In 1785, representatives of the upper classes, merchants of the first and second guilds, were exempted from them. IN early XIX century, various restrictions were introduced - on the number of blows, punishments for the sick and old people and representatives of other categories. But in primary and secondary educational institutions rods remained a means of "discipline" until the 1860s. Fully corporal punishment Russian Empire canceled only in 1904. The Bolsheviks put a definitive end to this issue after the revolution, declaring flogging a “bourgeois relic.”

Irina Shlionskaya

Requiring registration and use of a password to gain access to your account. Email, Internet messengers, personal account internet provider, chat rooms, forums, other sites and that’s the minimum. In this article we will try to figure out how to come up with passwords for all these countless services.

When registering on a new website, we often stop and think when we see the password entry field. An almost ideal way to create a strong password would be to generate a random password using a special program such as . But such passwords are difficult to remember, which means they need to be written down and stored somewhere. This option is not suitable for some ordinary users. Even if you use a programmatic method to create and store passwords, you will still have to remember some passwords.

When creating a password manually, you must follow several rules:

You cannot use simple combinations of symbols and numbers. For example, passwords 123, 321, 123456, qwerty, asdfg and others are not suitable.
Cannot be used when creating a password (names of relatives, pets, dates of birth, phone numbers, addresses, zip codes, etc.). For example, the passwords Masha, Sasha21, Vasya02071988 and others are not suitable.
Do not use passwords that can be guessed from a dictionary of popular passwords. For example, the passwords love, cat, alfa, samsung, mercedes, yasterva and others, as well as their variants and combinations are not suitable.
Do not use passwords that are less than 10 characters long.
The password must consist of upper and lowercase letters, numbers and special characters.
When coming up with passwords, use your imagination and don’t think in stereotypes. The computer that guesses your password is good at math, but it can't think or be creative.

There are many ways to come up with a simple and relatively strong password. We will look at one of these methods.

How to come up with a password

The first thing we need to do is come up with a key phrase. The ideal option would be a unique nonsense phrase that is easy to remember. For example: space cockroaches. You can also use phrases from not very popular songs and poems.

Recording a Russian phrase in an English layout.
Write the phrase backwards.
Replacing letters with their visual counterparts (“a” - “@”, “i” - “!”, “o” - “()”, etc.).
Using the first few characters of each word.
Removing paired/unpaired characters.
Removing vowels/consonants from a phrase.
Adding special characters and numbers.

You can use several of these methods to turn the key phrase into an almost meaningless string of characters. But, the ideal option would be to create your own unique method of “encrypting” the key phrase.

For example, using several template methods " " you can get the following password:

space cockroaches– use the first 4 characters from each word – kosmtara – write in the English layout – rjcvnfhf – write with a capital letter and add special characters and a random number – Rjcvnfhf@955

As a result, we ended up with a long and rather complex password that cannot be calculated from the personal information of its owner, but can be easily recovered from memory. Having checked the strength of the password using the service, we get the result “very strong”.

In conclusion, I would like to remind you once again that when coming up with a password you need to use your imagination and the ability to think outside the box. Using this advantage over "dumb" computers, you can create passwords that will be too tough for them.

A strong password can protect you and your data from the machinations of intruders. On the Internet, any profile requires a “password” to log in. Only you should know it - and no one else. So you will have to try hard to come up with a decent secret combination that is not so easy to recognize. In some cases, you can use one trick, but it still will not be able to completely secure your profile on the Internet. What tips should you use to make your “password” difficult to guess?

Numbers, letters, symbols

The most secure password is a combination that is difficult to remember and guess. Therefore, users always think about what they should use as a “password” for authorization on various services.

The first advice that advanced “users” give is to use a combination of numbers, letters and symbols in their secret combinations. It is also recommended not to create short passwords - it would be better if they were long and difficult to remember. This way you can protect your data.

What specific combination should I use? You'll have to figure this out on your own. However, there are a few more tips to help you create a strong password.

Register

Please note that often forms for entering "passwords" are case sensitive. In other words, they distinguish between lowercase and uppercase letters. This is a great opportunity to diversify your secret combination.

When coming up with a strong password, try to combine not only numbers with letters and special characters, but also alternate between lowercase and uppercase ones. This approach helps make it more difficult for attackers. The main thing is, don’t forget which letter is in which case.

It is recommended to capitalize the very first letter, and then alternate according to the “every other” principle. This kind of technique will help you avoid getting confused in the password you created. So take this advice into account. Which password is more secure? One that uses a variety of registers when writing. It is possible to do without this feature, but it is not advisable.

Changelings

They say you shouldn't use dates that are important to you in your passwords. But that's not true. It is enough to slightly diversify the approach to this issue. There is such a technique as “shifters”. It helps you use dates that are important to you in your “password”. At the same time, it will be very difficult to unravel your secrets.

What is this principle based on? At the very beginning of the password you choose, you should write a date. For example, your birthday. And at the end - the same date, but upside down. If 123 is written at the beginning, then 321 is written at the end. As you can see, there is nothing difficult about this. Therefore, this technique is used by many users. Remember general principle constructing a “secret record” is simple. This means you won’t forget the “password” just like that.

Now it’s worth taking a closer look at strong passwords. Examples of these using “shifters” are what will help you figure out exactly how to create a good combination for authorization in an account on the Internet.

Let's assume that the "body" of our password will be the user's first and last name. Then we print: IvAnIvAnOv. Now you should use the “shifters”. To do this, let's take some date. For example, how often is the user's birthday selected? Let in our case it be May 4, 1988. And we dilute it all with symbolism. The final combination is: 4051988!~IvAnIvAnOv~!8891504. This is the complex password we have. In fact, it is easy for the user to remember, but it is extremely difficult for attackers to guess. In any case, practice shows exactly this situation.

Generating

If you can’t come up with a strong password yourself, you’ll have to use one little trick. Just don’t think that it will completely protect you from hacking. There is nothing better than a personally invented “password”.

About what reception we're talking about? About using special password generators. They themselves make up “secret combinations” using symbols, letters and numbers. Of course, taking into account the registry. But “shifters” are not used here.

You can download any password generator. Just launch the application and click on the "Generate" button (or something like that). You will receive a combination as a password. It can be supplemented or used in its original form.

Only at first glance, impenetrable passwords do not contain a logical structure and look like gobbledygook. Complex passwords are such only for those who do not know the recipe for creating them. You don't have to remember letter cases, numbers, special characters and their order. All you have to do is choose a memorable basis and follow simple tips creating strong passwords.

Nursery rhymes

We take any children's rhyme or counting rhyme as the basis for the password. It is advisable that it be found only in your area and not be generally known. And better than your own composition! Although any nursery rhymes will do, the main thing is that the lines stick firmly with youth in your head.

The password will consist of the first letters of each word. Moreover, the letter will be written in uppercase if it is the first in the sentence. We replace some letters with numbers similar in spelling (for example, “h” with “4”, “o” with “0”, “z” with “3”). If you don’t want to get too confused with replacing letters with numbers, look for a counting rhyme that already contains numbers. Don't forget about punctuation marks that separate words and sentences - they will come in handy.

Example:

The turtle has its tail between its legs

And she ran after the hare.

Got ahead

Who doesn't believe it - come out!

We replace the letters “h”, “z” and “o” with similar numbers. The second, third and fourth lines begin with capital letters and are therefore written in uppercase. Include four punctuation marks. Of course, we write in Russian letters, but on the English keyboard layout.

The 17-character password is ready! It may not be perfect because it contains repeated characters and consecutive lowercase letters and numbers. But it would certainly be hard to call it simple.

Favorite sayings

The scheme is similar to children's counting rhymes. Only as a basis you take your favorite and very memorable phrases of thinkers, celebrities or movie characters. You can complicate your life somewhat by replacing the letter “h” not with “4”, but with “5”, for example. There can never be too many confusing maneuvers!

Example:

I found out that I have

There is a huge family:

River, field and forest,

In the field - every spikelet...

Replace the letter “h” with “8”, do not forget about upper case and punctuation marks.

Ze,8evTjc^H,g,bk,Dg-rr…

Jargon and terminology

This implies the use of professional jargon that is understandable to an extremely narrow number of people. These words are much more distant from ordinary person, rather than criminal sayings that are widely covered on television and the streets of any city.

For example, you can use a hospital discharge or a tricky medical definition.

Example:

Cyclopentaneperhydrophenanthrene is a 28-letter term. It turns out to be a bit long, so I propose to throw out the vowels and dilute the remaining consonants with upper case.

Memorable dates

Of course, your birthday or start day family life- this is not a good basis for a password. The event should be of exceptional importance, and only you should know about it. For example, this could be the day you ate gum for the first time, ran away from class, or broke your heel. Since the password will be based on numbers, it would be a good idea to mix them with letters.

Example:

10/22/1983 and 06/16/2011

Replace the periods separating the day, month and year with any letter, for example, a small English “l”, which is very similar to the quite often used separator “/”. Between dates we will put an underscore character “_”. Let's replace the zeros with the letters "o".

Visual Key

Use the smartphone unlocking technique on your keyboard as well. Think of any shape and “slide” your finger along its contours.

Don't forget to go through the numbers, change the horizontal and vertical direction of movement. And, unlike me, be imaginative!

Conclusion

The proposed methods for creating a password that is memorable, but at the same time quite difficult to understand, can be changed and combined at your discretion. It is enough to think about your super password once, and you can use it in the presence of a stranger without fear.

How do you choose your password?

"Trade Execution"

Punishment by flogging was first enshrined in law in the Code of Laws of 1497. They were punished this way for a variety of crimes. For example, they could have been flogged for daringly speaking out against the authorities.

They hit mainly the back of the body - the back, thighs, buttocks. Most often, the person punished was completely undressed for this purpose.

Punishment with a whip required special art. To do this, the executioner had to move a few steps away from his victim, and then spin the whip over his head with both hands and, with a loud cry, quickly approach the condemned person, bringing the instrument of torture down on his back. It was impossible to hit the same place twice. After each blow, the executioner was required to wipe off the blood and skin particles adhering to the whip from the whip. According to researcher Katoshikhin, the execution usually lasted several hours, with 30-40 blows of the whip applied per hour.

One foreigner, who was an eyewitness to such a procedure, left the following testimony: “The executioner beats so brutally that with each blow the bones are exposed. So it's

(the person being punished) is torn to pieces from the shoulders to the waist. The meat and skin hang in shreds.”

In the era of Peter the Great, punishment with a whip was called “trade execution.” She was often appointed for political crimes in combination with branding.

“Guilty!”

Punishment with batogs was considered much lighter. The latter were thick sticks or rods with cut ends. Batogi were often used - to extract taxes and arrears, to beat serfs and subordinates. Sometimes the court ordered beatings with batogs - for theft, perjury, disrespect for the royal family... So, a clerk was punished with batogs, who, when drinking to the health of the sovereign, did not take off his headdress.

The execution took place like this. The person was placed face down on the floor or on the ground. One of the executioners sat on his legs, the other sat on his neck, clasping it with his knees. Then each of them took two batogs and beat them on the back and below the back of the victim until they decided to stop the punishment or until the bars broke. At the same time, it was forbidden to strike the stomach, thighs and calves. Also, during the execution, the person being punished had to shout the word: “Guilty!” If he did not scream, then the punishment continued until he screamed and admitted his guilt.

Through the gauntlet

More cruel was the punishment with spitzrutens - flexible rods about 2.1 meters in length and less than 4.5 centimeters in diameter. They were used mainly to punish soldiers. This was called “running the gauntlet.” The method of punishment was borrowed from the Swedes and was introduced by Peter I in the Russian army in 1701. The person punished for this or that offense was stripped to the waist, his hands were tied to a gun, which was turned towards him with a bayonet so that the unfortunate man could not evade reprisals, and he was escorted between two rows of his comrades lined up to his right and left. Each soldier had to hit the offender on the back with a spitzruten. The regimental doctor followed the beaten person, counting the blows so that the punished person would not be marked to death or maimed.

“Teachings” for children and women

Children's punishments were “blessed” by the famous “Domostroy”: “... but also to save through fear, punishing and

teaching, and when to beat.” Children in Rus' were usually flogged with rods. A rod was a bundle of rods used to strike the soft parts of the body. They could punish with rods for any offense, and this punishment was applied not only by parents or educators, but also by school teachers - for example, for negligence in teaching. Sometimes girls were also flogged.

This method of punishment was applied to children of any class: it was considered useful for the child. In large families, they sometimes held weekly floggings on Saturdays, and often the offspring were flogged not only for actually committed offenses, but also as a preventive measure, “so that it would be discouraging.”

Before carrying out the execution, bundles of rods were soaked in cold running water. Sometimes the soaking took place in a salty solution, and then the beating caused severe pain. However, scars after such punishment rarely remained. Less often, a rope with knots was used to beat the younger generation, which was used to whip them backhand.

Women were also flogged, most often with whips or rods. Domostroy prohibited the use of hard objects and methods of beating that could cause injury.

A peasant woman could be “taught” by her husband - for impudent language, disobedience or suspicion of treason. Serf women and girls could be flogged by order of the landowner. The police flogged women who were illegally engaged in prostitution. But completely official corporal punishment also existed for representatives of the upper classes. Thus, two ladies-in-waiting of Catherine II were brutally flogged for the caricature they drew of Prince Potemkin.

Even in Catherine's era, an attempt was made to soften the existing system of corporal punishment. In 1785, representatives of the upper classes, merchants of the first and second guilds, were exempted from them. At the beginning of the 19th century, various restrictions were introduced - on the number of blows, punishments for the sick and elderly, and representatives of other categories. But in primary and secondary educational institutions, the rod remained a means of “education” until the 1860s.

Corporal punishment was completely abolished in the Russian Empire only in 1904. The Bolsheviks put a definitive end to this issue after the revolution, declaring flogging a “bourgeois relic.”