Essay on the main obstacle to the knowledge of truth. "The main obstacle to the knowledge of truth is not a lie, but a semblance of truth" L
The meaning of this statement is that because of the semblances of truth, it is often very difficult to know the real truth. The main problem is that in addition to truth and lies, there is something in between that is misleading. This problem is very relevant at any time, because the concepts of lies, truth, knowledge and error are close to any person.
Let us turn to the theoretical meaning of the statement: truth can be absolute and relative, however, no matter what kind of truth in question, it represents true knowledge for all time or any specific time period.
A delusion is the content of the knowledge of the subject, which does not correspond to the reality of the object, but is taken for the truth, and therefore prevents the knowledge of the truth. A delusion, according to the author, is a more serious obstacle than a lie, because a liar knows that he is defending deliberately wrong knowledge, and a deluded one is sure that he is right. It is unreliable knowledge, that is, "the likeness of the truth", that leads to delusion.
Many writers talked about the delusions that prevent the knowledge of the truth. Ray Bradbury's dystopian sci-fi novel Fahrenheit 451 is the most striking example. The ideology of the new society, whose life is described in the work, is built in such a way that in the pursuit of tolerance, people began to destroy everything that could hurt someone's feelings. For example, books of one religion could offend representatives of another. Their delusion was that, wanting to build the truth, they were mired in its semblance.
V modern life We often encounter this phenomenon. The media constantly report on offenses related to ignorance of the laws, but this ignorance does not exempt from responsibility. That is, a person's delusion is that he considers this or that activity to be legal, and this delusion leads him to violate the law.
Based on the foregoing, it can be argued that L.N. Tolstoy was absolutely right in saying that the semblance of truth is an obstacle to its cognition.
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Updated: 2017-12-16
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"The main obstacle to the knowledge of truth is not a lie, but a semblance of truth." V this statement L. N. Tolstoy raises the problem of knowledge and obstacles in the way of its knowledge. He argues that the obstacle to the knowledge of the truth is the false beliefs of people, leading them astray. I fully share the author's point of view, since this problem occurs not only in modern world but at all times.
So what is truth? Truth is the process of adequate reflection of reality in the human mind.
Truth can be absolute (exhaustive, accurate knowledge about the object of study) and relative, characterizing the approximation and imperfection of knowledge about reality.
So, for example, a semblance of truth is presented in Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, main character whom, Rodion Raskolnikov, created a theory according to which, in some cases, killing is allowed and special people were endowed with this right. Of course, this is only a semblance of the truth, since the rights of people are equal and no one person can take the life of another.
Terrorism is also an example of the semblance of truth, because adherents of these beliefs are sure that their religion tells them to kill themselves and other people. In fact, this is a deep delusion, since not one of the religions calls for such actions. Based on this, we see that terrorism is only a semblance of truth, which causes significant harm to society.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that delusion, as a semblance of truth, is indeed an obstacle to its cognition.
Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) - start preparing
Updated: 2018-12-14
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Looking back at people, at all mankind, I saw that people live and claim that they know the meaning of life. I looked back at myself: I lived as long as I knew the meaning of life. Faith gave meaning to life and the possibility of life both to other people and to me. The essence of any faith lies in the fact that it gives life a meaning that is not destroyed by death.
The smarter we are, the less we understand the meaning of life and see some kind of malicious mockery in the fact that we suffer and die.
Science does not give an answer about the meaning of life, but only shows that in the vast, with the help of open horizons, there is no answer to this question.
The answers given by all sciences about the meaning of life are only identities.
Philosophy does not answer the question of the meaning of life, but only complicates it.
Five years ago, a strange state of mind began to take possession of me: I had moments of confusion, stopping life, as if I did not know how I should live, what I should do. ... These stops of life always arose with the same question: "why?" and why?" ... These questions demanded an answer with increasing insistence and, like dots, gathered into one black spot.
Is it really only then that I appeared for this short period of time in the world to lie, confuse, do stupid things and disappear.
Our life is a constant flight from ourselves, as if remorse haunts and frightens us. As soon as a person gets on his feet, he begins to scream so as not to hear the speeches resounding inside... we go through life awake and die in a frenzy of absurdities and trifles, without having come to our senses.
Human life, full of bodily suffering, which can be interrupted every second in order not to be the most rude mockery, must have a meaning such that the meaning of life would not be violated either by suffering or its short duration.
If man is only a corporeal being, then death is the end of something insignificant. If a person is a spiritual being, and the soul only temporarily lived in the body, then death is only a change.
An immortal soul needs an immortal work just like itself. And this thing, the endless improvement of oneself and the world - and given to her.
The fear of death is only the consciousness of the unresolved contradiction of life.
The fear of death comes from the fact that people take for life one small, limited part of it by their own false idea.
The best proof that the fear of death is not a fear of death, but of a false life, is that often people kill themselves out of fear of death.
Lying to others only confuses the matter and delays the decision; but a lie to oneself, presented as truth, destroys a person's whole life.
Don't be afraid of ignorance, be afraid of false knowledge. From him all the evil of the world.
It is not the quantity of knowledge that matters, but the quality of it. You can know a lot without knowing the most necessary.
The main obstacle to the knowledge of truth is not a lie, but a semblance of truth.
The most miserable slave is a man who gives his mind into slavery and recognizes as true what his mind does not recognize.
A slave who is satisfied with his position is doubly a slave, because not only his body is in slavery, but also his soul.
The only meaning of human life is the improvement of its immortal foundation. All other forms of activity are meaningless in their essence, due to the inevitability of death.
Last night I thought in my sleep that shortest expression The meaning of life can be this: the world is moving and improving. The main task is to contribute to that movement, obey it and cooperate with it.
The meaning of life is open in the mind of man, as a striving for the good. The elucidation of this good, the more and more precise definition of it, is the main goal and work of the life of all mankind.
A person has in the depths of his soul an indelible demand that his life be good and have a reasonable meaning.
Salvation is not in rituals, sacraments, not in the confession of this or that faith, but in a clear understanding of the meaning of one's life.
Faith is an understanding of the meaning of life and the recognition of the duties arising from this understanding.
Real knowledge comes from the heart. We only know what we love.
The need for happiness is embedded in man; so it became legal.
A person should always be happy, if happiness ends, look where you made a mistake.
The meaning of the life of each individual person is only in increasing love in oneself; that this increase in love leads the individual in this life to greater and greater good.
Where there is love, there is God.
To love is good, to be loved is happiness.
Love creates life.
Love destroys death and turns it into an empty ghost; it also turns life from nonsense into something meaningful and makes happiness out of misfortune.
Love is the essence of the soul, it must be strengthened and cleansed of all bad feelings, irritation and irony directed against a person.
Love is life itself; but not an unreasonable, suffering and perishing life, but a blissful and endless life.
Love cannot be harmful, but if only it were love, and not the wolf of egoism in the sheep's clothing of love...
True love she feels so much holiness, innocence, strength, enterprise and independence in herself that for her there is neither crime, nor obstacles, nor the whole prosaic side of life.
True compassion begins only when, by imagining yourself in the place of the sufferer, you actually experience suffering.
Only he is free, whom no one and nothing can prevent from doing what he wants. There is only one such thing: to love.
Good is the eternal, highest goal of our life. No matter how we understand good, our life is nothing but striving for good.
The good that you do from the heart, you always do to yourself.
There is one undoubted sign that divides the actions of people into good and evil: the act increases the love and unity of people - it is good; produces enmity and division; he is bad.
One of the most amazing misconceptions is the misconception that a person's happiness lies in doing nothing. The blessing of people in life. And life is at work.
Nothing ennobles a person like work. Without labor, a person cannot maintain his human dignity.
Pride is not at all the same as consciousness human dignity.
A proud man respects not himself, but the opinion that people make of him.
Vanity is some kind of immature love of fame, some kind of pride transferred to the opinions of others - he loves himself not as he is, but as he is shown to others.
Do not believe the words of your own or those of others, believe only in the deeds of your own and those of others.
The most common and widespread reason for lying is the desire to deceive not people, but ourselves. Root of evil deeds bad thoughts.
All the disasters of people come not so much from the fact that they did not do what is necessary, but from the fact that they do what should not be done.
People are not punished for their sins, but are punished by the sins themselves. And this is the heaviest and most certain punishment.
We do not love people not because they are evil, but we consider them evil because we do not love them.
All people of the world have the same rights to enjoy the natural benefits of the world and the same rights to respect.
In order to make it easy to live with each person, think about what connects you, and not about what separates you from him.
There is no one to blame in the world.
Education appears tricky business only as long as we want, without educating ourselves, to educate our children or anyone else.
All education comes down to living well yourself, educating yourself: only by this do people influence others, educate them.
Be truthful even in relation to a child: keep your promise, otherwise you will teach him to lie.
In order to have consciousness of the benefit brought, in spite of this constant dissatisfaction with oneself, one must have one quality. This quality also fills up any teaching skill and any preparation, because with this quality the teacher easily acquires the missing knowledge.
If a teacher does not feel bored during a three-hour lesson, he has this quality. Quality is love. If a teacher has only love for the job, he will be a good teacher. If the teacher has only love for the student, like a father, a mother, he will better than that a teacher who has read all the books, but has no love for the work or for the students. If a teacher combines love for work and for students, he is a perfect teacher.
Art is the highest manifestation of power in man.
Music is the highest art in the world. Music is shorthand for feelings.
Every art has two deviations from the path: vulgarity and artificiality.
Nothing brings people together like a good, harmless laugh. And in the rapprochement of people - the main task of art.
Progress consists in the ever greater predominance of reason over the animal law of struggle. If a savage has ceased to believe in his wooden god, this does not mean that There is no God, but only that God is not made of wood.
Oddly enough, the most firm, unshakable convictions are the most superficial. Deep beliefs are always mobile.
The grain is invisible in the ground, but only grows out of it. huge tree. Just as imperceptible is thought, and only from thought grow the greatest events of human life.
To believe in good, one must begin to do it.
Ideal is a guiding star. Without it, there is no firm direction, and no direction - no life.
Choose one of the statements below and write a mini essay based on it.
Designate at your discretion one or more main ideas of the topic raised by the author and expand it (them). When disclosing the main idea(s) you indicated, use social science knowledge (relevant concepts, theoretical positions) in reasoning and conclusions, illustrating them with facts and examples from public life and personal social experience, examples from others subjects.
To illustrate your theoretical statements, reasoning and conclusions, give at least two facts/examples from various sources. Each cited fact/example must be formulated in detail and clearly connected with the illustrated position, reasoning, and conclusion.
C9.1 Philosophy."The main obstacle to the knowledge of truth is not a lie, but a semblance of truth." (L.N. Tolstoy)
C9.2 Economy."The pursuit of profit is the only way people can meet the needs of those they don't know at all." (F. Hayek)
C9.3 Sociology, social psychology.“Nature creates man, but society develops and shapes him.” (V. G. Belinsky)
C9.4 Political science.“The state does not exist to transform earthly life to heaven, but in order to prevent it from finally turning into hell. (N.A. Berdyaev)
C9.5 Jurisprudence.“I consider it obligatory for everyone to unquestioningly and unswervingly obey the laws.” (Socrates)
Explanation.
To cope with the task, we definitely need to familiarize ourselves with the criteria for evaluating the work. You can find the criteria on the FIPI website, they are placed in one document along with the demo version of the exam.
The first criterion (K1) is defining. You need to uncover the meaning of the statement. If you do not do this or reveal the meaning of the statement inaccurately, you will be given zero points for K1 and all essays will not be checked. If K1 is met, you get 1 point and the expert checks the work further.
The second criterion (K2). You must present arguments from a social studies course. It is necessary to bring and explain the concepts, social processes, laws that will help to reveal the meaning of the statement.
The maximum number of primary points for this criterion is 2. If “the answer contains separate concepts or provisions related to the topic, but not connected with each other and with other components of the argumentation”, the expert lowers the score and puts one point.
If the meaning of at least one term is conveyed incorrectly, then the score for K2 is reduced by 1 point: from 2 points to 1 point, from 1 point to 0 points.
The third criterion (K3). According to this criterion, you need to give 2 factual arguments in favor of your own point of view. If you make a factual error (for example, you say that Putin is the Prime Minister), the argument will not be taken into account. If the argument does not work for your point of view and reveal the meaning of the statement, it will also not be counted.
Arguments should be from various sources: "media reports, materials of educational subjects (history, literature, geography, etc.), facts of personal social experience and own observations." Two arguments from the literature or two arguments from the media can be counted as “arguments from a source of the same type”, which will lead to a decrease in the score by 1 point.
How to choose a quote?
Before writing an essay, you need to choose a quote. And you need to choose not according to the principle "I liked it - I didn't like it", "boring - interesting". You need to carefully study the statements and evaluate the prospects for writing a good essay on each of them. This should take no more than 2-3 minutes.
Read the statements carefully. Identify a few quotes whose meaning is most clear to you.
For each statement, the meaning of which is clear, determine the range of terms, processes, phenomena and laws from the course of social science. Discard those quotes that you are not sure about.
From the remaining quotes, choose those to which you can make qualitative arguments.
If after you run all the quotes through these three filters, you still have all five quotes, you can choose the one closest to your heart. (In that case, you know the course of social studies very well, congratulations!)
Essay writing algorithm
You have chosen a quote whose meaning is clear to you, and you can easily give theoretical and factual arguments. V worst case this quote will cause you the least trouble, which is also good.
We are writing an essay based on the fact that he will have only two readers - USE experts. So, we need to make it as easy as possible for them to check the essay. It will be convenient for the expert to check if the work is structured in blocks according to the criteria.
The structure of an essay might look like this:
1) We convey the meaning of the quote. It is important that this is not just a retelling of the statement. You must demonstrate an understanding of the author's words.
It's not scary if you write primitively. There are no requirements for the style of the text in the criteria for the essay.
We chose a quote from economics. “Demand and supply are a process of mutual adaptation and coordination” (P.T. Heine).
2) We formulate our own point of view: I agree / I disagree with the author.
As a rule, it is difficult to argue with the statements that are offered to graduates at the Unified State Examination. But if you feel like you disagree, don't be afraid to argue.
Example: I agree with P. Heine because…
3) Reinforce the point of view with terms, concepts and laws from the course of social science. Moreover, it is important to use material from the sphere of social relations that is indicated in the task. Open a quote on economics in economic terms, on political science - in terms of political science, etc.
Example: The basis of interaction between the consumer and the producer (seller) in the market is the mechanism of supply and demand. Demand is the desire and ability of the consumer to buy a particular product or service here and now. The offer is the desire and ability of the manufacturer to offer the consumer a product or service at a specific price for a certain time. Supply and demand are interconnected. An increase in demand can affect the supply, and vice versa.
The ideal situation is when there is an equilibrium price in the market. If demand exceeds supply, there is a scarce market for a certain product. If supply exceeds demand, this can lead to overproduction.
In conditions of high competition, when the market is in high demand and there are many manufacturers, the quality of goods increases, and the price falls, as sellers are forced to fight for the buyer. This is one example of a change in the market situation under the influence of supply and demand.
4) Give two actual arguments from different sources. If you use a fact from personal experience as an argument, try not to make it up. The examiner will most likely not believe you if you claim to have run for the presidency of Chile or are on the Nobel Committee.
Example: One example proving the regulatory function of supply is the situation on the oil market in the modern world. In 2014, the price of hydrocarbons fell due to declining demand. The oil market has been squeezed out by promising technologies: solar, wind and other renewable resources. Oil companies had to adapt to the new conditions - to reduce the cost of oil production, reduce value added and lower product prices.
The law of supply and demand works not only in global commodity markets. We can see how, under the influence of supply and demand, the situation is changing literally outside the window of our house. In a residential area where I have been living for more than 15 years, a grocery store operated in the basement of a high-rise building. Residents of nearby houses regularly bought essential products there. However, a supermarket of one of the large retail chains was opened in the microdistrict. The prices there were lower, the work schedule was more convenient, and the assortment was much richer. People voted with their feet, after a while the small shop closed because it couldn't adapt to the new situation in the local market.
5) Conclusion. Here you can summarize your thoughts. Write a conclusion only if you have time left and you are sure that all other tasks do not require rechecking. Otherwise, forget about the conclusion - in the criteria for the task, the presence or absence of the conclusion is not evaluated.
Example: In a market and mixed economy, the regulatory impact of supply and demand is the basis of economic relations. Supply and demand indicators are taken into account when planning the activities of any enterprise and the entire country. It is important that supply and demand be balanced, otherwise a crisis may arise in the economy.
It is worth remembering that the enemy of good exam results is a waste of time. Don't do extra work. Many teachers demand to bring out the problem raised by the author. You do not need to do this, it will not affect the assessment, and the risk of making a mistake will increase.
This algorithm is not the ultimate truth. You can stick to it, you can focus on it, but you should not use these recommendations thoughtlessly. Perhaps, after training, you will have your own idea of \u200b\u200bhow to write an essay. Wonderful! Most importantly, do not forget that this work is evaluated according to strict criteria that you need to try to comply with.
