How Adam and Eve lived on earth. Who came first: Adam or Eve? Analogues of Adam and Eve according to the myths of various nations

Modern popular culture and the process of globalization cannot be imagined without refreshments alcoholic drinks, like lemonade, Coke or Pepsi. In the USA, the term “soft drink” is used to refer to this type of drink.
ABOUT healing properties mineral waters with gas were known already four thousand years ago in Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome. The great scientist Hippocrates, in his treatise “On Airs, Waters and Places,” writes that the sick were treated in fonts at temples. The Greek priests strictly guarded their secrets, protecting healing power mineral water.
The discovery of the secret of sparkling water was as unexpected as most great discoveries.

The English scientist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), living next door to the brewery and observing its work, became interested in what kind of bubbles beer released during fermentation. Then he placed two containers of water over the brewing beer. After some time, the water was charged with beer carbon dioxide. Having tasted the resulting liquid, the scientist was amazed by its unexpectedly pleasant, sharp taste, and in 1767 he himself produced the first bottle of sparkling water.

In 1772, for the discovery of soda, Priestley was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences, and in 1773. - received the Royal Society medal.

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) - English priest, chemist, philosopher, public figure, was born in Fieldhead, near Leeds (Yorkshire, England) on March 13, 1733. He was the eldest of six children in the family of clothier Jonas Priestley. From 1742 he was raised by Sarah Quigley, his maternal aunt.

Priestley attended Batley School, where he studied Latin and Greek languages. After a short break from studying due to illness, Priestley decided to devote his life to serving the church. By this time, he had already become quite successful in learning other languages ​​and knew French, German, Italian, Arabic and even Chaldean.

It was Priestley who first obtained hydrogen chloride, ammonia, silicon fluoride, sulfur dioxide...

Another wonderful invention is associated with the name of Priestley, without which it is currently impossible to imagine the life of a modern schoolchild or student. Priestley accidentally discovered that raw natural rubber could erase traces of graphite (pencil) better than particles of bread, which were used at the time for the same purpose. This advantage of rubber is due to the fact that rubbing it against paper produces an electrostatic voltage, which allows the rubber particles to attract graphite particles. And so the well-known eraser was born.

For anesthesiologists around the world, the name of Joseph Priestley is primarily remembered and dear, of course, in connection with his discovery of nitrous oxide in 1772, which later became a widely used and popular anesthetic.

And in 1770, the Swedish chemist Thorbern Olaf Bergman (1735-1784) invented a device with which it was possible to produce carbonation in fairly large quantities. This device is called a saturator.

Further developments in this area were made by Johann Jakob Schwepp, a German by birth, who held jewelry store in Geneva. Since his youth, he dreamed of creating non-alcoholic champagne - with bubbles, but without alcohol. 20 years of experiments were crowned with success and in 1783 he invented an industrial plant for the production of carbonated water. Schwepp first sold his drink in Switzerland, but soon realized that there would be higher demand for it in England, and in 1790 he moved there. The English were famous for their passion for brandy, and Schwepp hoped to fill the niche of brandy diluents with his products.

Schwepp founded a still thriving company in England that began selling soda in glass containers with an embossed logo. In the 1930s, J. Schweppe & Co began producing carbonated lemonade and other fruit waters.

Historian Judith Jango-Cohen, author of The History Of Food (Major Inventions Through History), notes that the soft drink industry arose in the late 18th century, when it was sold (in France and England) waters carbonated with carbon dioxide appeared. Then it was considered an inexpensive imitation of healing mineral waters, and soda was sold in pharmacies, and not in regular stores. Further expansion was ensured by chemists: in 1784, citric acid (from lemon juice) was first isolated. In 1833, the first carbonated lemonades appeared on sale in England (the name of the drink lemonade comes from the word lemon).

John Riley, author of the classic Organization in the soft drink industry: A history of the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages, first published in 1946, points out the following: in 1871, landmark event- for the first time in the USA (and in the world) a trademark of a non-alcoholic drink was registered - it was called “Lemon's Superior Sparkling Ginger Ale”.

Subsequently, the process of inventing new tastes and drinks acquired an avalanche-like character, with pharmacists and pharmacists most often becoming trendsetters. In 1875, American pharmacist Charles Hires became acquainted with a drink made artisanally from the roots of certain plants - ten years later, Hires began selling bottled non-alcoholic “root beer” (the taste resembles a tincture of marshmallow root).

In 1886, the now existing Coca-Cola and Dr. were first put on sale. Pepper. Initially, Coca-Cola was made from a tincture of coca leaves and kola nuts; pharmacist John Pemberton came up with a recipe for a syrup intended to treat headaches and colds and guessed to dilute it with carbonated water. The authors of numerous books devoted to the history of the most popular soda of the millennium constantly cite a funny fact: in the first year, due to the sale of Coca, they managed to earn $25, while $75 was spent on advertising the new drink.

Dr. Pepper was also the fruit of the imagination of a pharmacist (his name was Wade Morrison) and a chemist (Robert Lazenby). Dr. Pepper, made with cherry syrup, was first produced at a pharmacy in Waco, Texas, selling it under the slogan "King of Beverages, Free from Caffeine" (caffeine was added later). According to legend, The name Dr. Pepper comes from the name of a military doctor who once forbade the enterprising Morrison to marry his daughter.

In 1898, Pepsi-Cola appeared (according to some versions, originally as a medicine for intestinal disorders), which was invented by pharmacist Caleb Bradham, who mixed kola nut extract, vanillin and aromatic oils. At the beginning of the 20th century, other drinks appeared that are still on the shelves of American stores, in particular Royal-Crown Cola and Canada Dry Ginger Ale. In 1906, the first all-American advertising campaign for lemonade took place - Clicquot Club Ginger Ale, named after the famous Veuve Clicquot champagne brand.

Yet flavored soda was most likely invented on the west side of the Atlantic. In 1807, it was introduced into use by Philadelphia physician Philip Synge Physicist. He prescribed carbonated water enriched with syrup to patients, which was prepared according to his recipe by the pharmacist Townsend Speakman. Soon the first soda water kiosks appeared in American cities, but it did not become widespread. The technology available to the Americans for its production was primitive, and Schwepp's apparatus remained a secret.

In 1832, a young immigrant from England, John Matthews, began producing quite decent saturators in New York. He improved Schwepp's design and the technology for producing carbon dioxide. Thus, the production of artificially carbonated water began to gain momentum. Companies offering carbonated drinks with various flavors began to appear.

The success of soda turned out to be highly dependent on political factors. After the outbreak of the First World War, the industry was paralyzed - the cause was a sugar shortage. Manufacturers are in dire straits because the US government has deemed their product not essential to ensuring a healthy diet for Americans. It is curious that the US authorities made a similar decision during the Second World War, but by this time the Americans had become addicted to this kind of drink, so the diet of American soldiers included carbonated drinks. Mark Pendergrast, author of For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It, notes that American soldiers at the front could have problems with ammunition and bandages, but they were always delivered the required bottles of Coca on time.

James Samuelson, author of The History of Drink, notes that a push in the opposite direction came from Prohibition, a ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages that was in effect in the United States from 1920 to 1933. Consumers were forced to replace traditional wine and whiskey with innocent soft drinks.

In 1929, an unprecedented economic crisis, the Great Depression, began in the United States, which destroyed many small companies specializing in the production of such goods. However, the biggest players survived. Also in 1929, Lithiated Lemon lemonade was invented, which is now known under the brand name 7Up. After the end of Prohibition, its manufacturers began to advertise lemonade as an excellent means for creating alcoholic cocktails - thanks to this, this 7Up has survived the most difficult years. Later, inventors got involved: they improved the process of mixing syrup and carbonated water (Coca-Cola was the first to do this in 1922), established control over product quality (before that, drinks sold under the same brand, but produced in different cities, were often of different tastes), and also created branded packaging (bottles).

The 1950s marked the beginning new era- the emergence of “healthy” drinks. At first, sugar, which is high in calories and unacceptable for certain categories of patients, began to be replaced with artificial sweeteners. In 1952, a small New York company, Kirsch Beverages, released the first lemonade intended for diabetics - No-Cal Ginger Ale (in which saccharin replaced sugar). In 1962, sales of Diet-Rite Cola (manufactured by Royal Crown Company), which was sweetened with cyclamates, began throughout the United States. In 1963, the Coca-Cola Tab appeared, and in 1965, Diet Pepsi. Big chemistry has made a significant contribution to this business as well. In the 1980s, manufacturers began to widely use aspartame (manufactured under the brand name Nutra-Sweet), and in the late 1990s, sucralose (marketed under the brand name Splenda). At the beginning of the third millennium, trendsetters in this area - Coca-Cola Co and PepsiCo, as well as their many competitors - launched low-calorie sodas. This step was largely due to the enormous popularity of the Atkins Diet, the essence of which is to give up carbohydrates.

In 1960, a new class of drinks appeared - “sports drinks”. The pioneer was Gatorade, the recipe of which was developed by the University of Florida at the request of the coaches of the university football team, which was called Gator. These and similar drinks did not contain gas, but instead were loaded with vitamins and other substances that are supposed to help athletes quench their thirst and improve their performance.

In the 1980s, caffeine-free drinks appeared. Initially, this was done in order to attract certain groups of the US population who, for various reasons, could not use traditional caffeine-containing lemonades - for example, children, hypertensive patients or adherents of certain religious cults.

At the same time, drinks with a high caffeine content were produced - their creators hoped to attract students, businessmen and all people who urgently needed a pick-me-up (it is known that a cup of coffee contains twice as much caffeine as a regular soft drink - new versions of lemonade, in particular, Jolt Cola destroyed this advantage of coffee). In the 1990s, a logical continuation appeared - “energy drinks” (the pioneer was Red Bull), which contained huge doses of caffeine and other invigorating substances and were intended for visitors to discos and athletes.

In the 1990s, another trend emerged in the United States: consumers began to pay more attention to juices and drinks based on them (Nantucket Nectars juices, produced by the company of the same name, were the first here), as well as more “natural” drinks based on tea, coffee, and vegetables. juices and natural stimulants.

However, according to the American Beverage Association, despite the abundance of flavors and recipes available, traditional soda remains the most popular in the United States, accounting for more than 73% of total sales, followed by still sugary drinks. (13.7%), in third - bottled water (13.2%).

Nowadays, in the USA alone, such drinks are produced by several hundred companies employing more than 200 thousand people. According to the consulting firm American Economics Group, the soft drink industry employs more than 3 million people in the United States, and the volume of this market reaches $278 billion a year.

ADAM AND EVE

- “progenitors”, the first people on earth.

“And God said: Let us make man in our image [and] after our likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, [and over the beasts], and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing, reptiles on the ground. And created God of Man in His own image, in the image of God He created it; male and female he created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it...” (Genesis 1:26-28).

Another version is given in the second chapter of Genesis:

“And the Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into him the breath of life, and man became a living soul. And the Lord God planted a paradise in Eden in the east, and there he placed the man whom he had created. And the Lord God made out of the ground every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, and the tree of life in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. .. And the Lord God took the man [whom he had created] and settled him in the Garden of Eden to cultivate it and keep it. And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou shalt eat, but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil thou shalt not eat, for in the day that thou eatest of it thou shalt die" (2:7-9, 15-17).

Then God created a woman, Eve, from Adam’s rib.

“And the Lord God said: It is not good for the man to be alone; Let us make him a helper suitable for him. The Lord God formed from the ground every animal of the field and every bird of the air, and brought [them] to man, to see what he would call them, and what man would call every living soul, that was her name. And the man gave names to all the livestock, and to the birds of the air, and to all the beasts of the field; but for man there was no helper like him. And the Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and when he fell asleep, he took one of his ribs and covered that place with flesh. And the Lord God created a wife from a rib taken from a man, and brought her to the man. And the man said, Behold, this is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she will be called woman, for she was taken from [her] husband. Therefore a man will leave his father and mother and cleave to his wife; and the [two] will be one flesh.

And Adam and his wife were both naked, and they were not ashamed” (2:18-25).

Adam and Eve lived happily in Eden (the Garden of Eden), but then they sinned: succumbing to the persuasion of the devil in the form of a serpent, they ate the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge, and became capable of committing both good and bad deeds. For this, God expelled them from paradise, saying to Adam: “...by the sweat of your face you will eat bread until you return to the ground from which you were taken; for dust you are, and to dust you will return” (3:19).

God said to Eve: “...I will multiply your sorrow in your pregnancy; in illness you will give birth to children; and to your husband VL your will, and he will rule over you” (Genesis 3:16).

“Let the wife study in silence, with all submission; But I do not allow a wife to teach, nor to rule over her husband, but to be in silence. For Adam was created first, and then Eve; and it was not Adam who was deceived; but the wife, deceived, fell into crime; However, he will be saved through childbearing if he continues in faith and love and in holiness with chastity” (1 Tim. 11-15).

According to Christian ideas, man was originally destined for immortality. The biblical sages testify to this: Solomon and Jesus, son of Sirach:

“God created man for incorruptibility and made him the image of His eternal existence; but through the envy of the devil death entered the world, and those who belong to his inheritance experience it” (PremSol 2:23-24).

“Many works are assigned to every person, and the yoke is heavy on the sons of Adam from the day they leave their mother’s womb until the day they return to the mother of all. The thought of things to come and the day of death produce in them meditation and fear of the heart” (Sirach 40:1-2).

Where did people come from on Earth? This question has most likely been asked by every person. However, despite centuries of attempts by many generations of people to find the right path to solving this puzzle, no one has yet been able to find out the truth.

Of course, first of all, one should look for the origins of truth in the most ancient sources, which are the legends and myths of the time when people were closest to the beginning of “glimmers of reason” in the development of mankind.

The first of the legends telling about the creation of man tell that people were created by the Supreme Mind (God or Gods) from clay.

The Sumerians, Khanty, Egyptians, Greeks, as well as the inhabitants of Altai and Polynesia believed that the gods molded the first people from this very material.

But why was clay chosen as a “building” material for humans? As you know, any creative or destructive process requires large amounts of energy. But the fact is that sometimes uranium is mixed into the clay composition - a radioactive substance that can release huge amount energy. And perhaps, for some reason, it was from the uranium contained in the clay that the energy was taken to create all life on earth.

But let's return to the process of creation. According to another assumption, also no less ancient, people descended from certain bisexual creatures (hermaphrodites), and only much more later people were divided by gender. Such myths can be found among the peoples of Africa, in particular, the inhabitants of western Sudan.

More modern versions The appearance of man on Earth is associated with the intervention in the evolutionary process of the Earth by aliens from other planets, who artificially revealed intelligent life on our planet.

Despite such a variety of hypotheses about the origin of man (including Darwinism), it is still most humanity accepts that side of the emergence of Life, which is reflected in its religious worldview. Considering the huge number of different movements, the main religions of the world are Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Despite the numerous contradictions between Christianity and Islam, these two religions “echo” each other, and even sometimes complement each other.

For example, every Christian knows that the first people on earth were Adam and Eve, but not everyone knows that the early Christian apocrypha, the Hebrew text of Isaiah, the Ben Sira Alphabet, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Book of the Zohar mention God’s creation of the First Eve - Lilith. This woman, like Adam, was created from clay. Another version even mentions that Adam and Lilith were twin brothers.

But still, the plot with a female Lilith is more common, nevertheless, in ancient literary sources she was never called the wife of Adam - only a woman. And not wanting to admit that she was lower than Adam and submit to the man, Lilith “flew away” from him, turning into a demon. In Muslim mythology, she was even credited with the role of girlfriend of the Prince of Darkness. Lilith is also called the night ghost, and according to legend, this evil spirit kills babies.

Here I would like to draw attention to the fact that Lilith did not leave, did not run away from Adam, but rather “flew away.” But these creatures created by God were equal, which means Adam could fly, that is, he was a disembodied spirit! The Bible says that after Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, God gave them “robes of skins” (bodies?) and expelled them from Paradise to Earth.

From reliable historical sources We know that over the course of many thousands of years of human history, there has been a change of different civilizations on Earth several times. So, some modern scientists are of the opinion that our planet was originally inhabited by same-sex creatures, like spirits, who had the ability to telepathy, levitation, telekinesis and other supernatural things.

However, over time, they acquired the ability to materialize, and discovered various feelings. Over time, spirits diversified the number of materialized bodies and modified them in order to fully enjoy all processes: sound perception, food absorption, touch, etc. This is how the giants appeared - the Lemurians, who still retained supernatural abilities.

But here again the question may arise: who came first: a man or a woman?

Recently held scientific research made it possible to prove that initially all human embryos are female, and only then, in the process of hormonal changes, some of the embryos turn into males. Indirect evidence of this assumption can come from observations made by zoological scientists on polar bears in natural conditions. Experts have noticed that with the appearance of the “ozone hole” over the Arctic territory, mother bears have become more likely to give birth to hermaphrodite cubs. The same thing is happening with the “stronger sex” of humanity: there is a sharp surge in homosexuality, and cases of infertility in men have also become more frequent.

Irina Ermakova, a researcher at the Institute of Neurophysiology, believes that such processes are associated with changes in the genotype of men, as a result of which degenerative processes are observed in the Y chromosome, which precisely determines the male sex. As the expert believes, with this state of affairs, within five generations the Earth will again be inhabited by hermaphrodite women, as it was once upon a time.

The hypothesis of a female scientist is also supported by experts from the USA who conducted comparative studies remains of people who lived in the cave period. The results of the analysis were amazing: it turned out that the female X chromosome is 80,000 years older than the male Y chromosome! And this is with high probability This means that it was as a result of modification of the female chromosome that men appeared on earth.

Days of creation of the world and living beings. For a very, very long time there was nothing, there was not even the Earth itself, but there was complete darkness, cold, emptiness - and only one almighty God. God began by creating the heavens and the earth. But they did not yet have a specific appearance, and, as the Bible says, only the Spirit of God hovered over the waters. Then God separated the light from the darkness and called the light day and the darkness night.

The first day of the creation of the world.
From Kedmonovskaya
manuscripts, ca. 1000 g

On the second day, God created a firmament that divided the water so that part of the water was above it, and part was below it. He called this firmament the sky [more exact value Hebrew word translated as “firmament of the sky” - “gaseous layer”].

On the third day, God gathered the water that was under the sky into one place, and dry land appeared. He called it earth, and the waters seas. God liked what he created, and according to his desire, grass and trees grew on the earth. And God saw that it was good.

On the fourth day, God created the luminaries to give light to the earth and separate day from night. Days, months, and years could be counted by the luminaries. The big one shone during the day, the smaller one gave light at night, and the stars helped it.

On the fifth day, God took care of living beings. First, fish, aquatic animals and birds were created. God liked them all, and he wished that there would be as many of them as possible.

God creates a helper for himself. On the sixth day, God created creatures that were supposed to live on land: cattle, snakes, and wild animals. But He had many other things to do, and He created an assistant for Himself - a man. Outwardly, he had to resemble God himself. And just as God rules over the whole world, so man had to rule over the whole earth and all living creatures. God created a man from the dust of the earth and breathed life into him, and after a while he created a woman (we will find out exactly how later). And God blessed them, saying: “Fill the earth and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that walks and crawls on the earth.”

God looked at the heaven and earth he created, and he liked everything created. On the seventh day God rested from his labors. And He decided that from now on every seventh day would be a holiday.

Creation of the world.
From a manuscript of the late 13th century.

Adam in heaven. Eve.

Adam had to care for and protect the Garden of Eden. He could eat fruit from all the trees except one: God forbade him to touch the “tree of the knowledge of good and evil,” saying that Adam would die as soon as he ate fruit from this tree.

Adam was bored alone, and then God ordered all living creatures to come, fly, crawl, and swim to the man, and Adam gave them all names and found himself an assistant among them. Adam called all the animals, birds, fish and reptiles by their names, but there was no one among them who could help man in everything. Adam got bored again. God took pity on him, put him to sleep, and while Adam was sleeping, he took out one of his rib and created a woman from it. Then He brought her to the man and woke him up. Adam was very happy and decided that now this woman, a part of himself, would be his wife and helper.