The world is a complex of my sensations, a direction of philosophy. English subjective idealism (J.

Heraclitus;

Democritus;

Pythagoras;

Aristotle;

Greece;

K. Marx;

Democritus;

Plato;

G. Hegel;

D. Berkeley.

Plato;

Aristotle;

G. Hegel;

K. Marx.

Objectivity;

Reflexivity;

Integrity;

Concreteness;

Criticality.

The picture of the world;

Beliefs;

Ideals;

Life assessment;

Political ideas.

What can I know;

What should I do;

What is nature;

What is a person;

What I dare to hope for.

All answers are correct.

? Materialism is:

All answers are correct

Materialists;

Objective idealists;

Subjective idealists;

Pantheists;

All named.

This is a teaching about values;

It is a normative discipline;

All named.

All of the above.

Philosophy;

Religions;

Art.

Natural processes;

Social problems;

Economic problems;

Human problems.

Worldview;

Hypothesis;

Inference;

Problem.

processes;

All of the above.

Those who know how to argue;

Those who know how to listen;

Aspirants to knowledge;

All of the above.

Visibility;

Consistency;

All these signs.

One worldview;

Different types of worldviews;

Mythology;

Religion;

Art;

The world as a whole;

Separate aspects of being;

Society and its problems;

Legends;

Fiction;

Analysis;

Proof.

Abstract thinking;

Using logic;

Experiments;

All of the above.

Philosophy;

Physics;

Metaphysics;

Logic;

Ontology.

All of the above.

What is freedom?

What is the sense of life?

Possessing the truth;

Who knows how to argue;

All of the above.

Nature;

Society;

Art;

Thoughts and art.

! true;

Nature;

Human;

The beginning of all that exists.

Symbols;

Images;

Reason;

All of the above.

Comprehension of God;

Experiment;

With all of the above.

Pragmatic;

Methodological;

Epistemological;

World outlook;

Predictive

Ability to conduct a conversation;

Doubt;

Brevity;

Evidence;

Consistency.

Accuracy;

Concreteness;

Versatility;

Consistency;

Objectivity.

Sage;

Spiritual mentor;

All of the above.

Gravity;

Molecule;

Elementary particle;

Substance;

Cause.

Antique era;

In the Middle Age;

Renaissance;

New Time;

The Age of Enlightenment.

Materialism is:

The principle of philosophical research;

The doctrine of the materiality of the world;

Philosophical direction, affirming the primacy of matter;

All of the above.

Voltaire;

Plato;

Hegel.

Mythological;

Religious;

Philosophical;

Scientific;

Psychological.

III. Ancient philosophy.

? According to the Cynics:

Man's true good is his inner freedom;

! "Nature" and "culture" are in harmony;

The state leads a person to true happiness;

Only nature determines the minimum of benefits that a person needs for life.

? Formulas characterizing ancient philosophy:

Out of nothing, something cannot arise;

Like strives for like and is cognized by like;

Time is a mobile image of eternity;

All indicated.

Indicate the philosophical schools of the Hellenistic era:

Stoicism;

Rationalism;

Cynicism;

Neoplatonism;

Pythagoreanism.

Name ancient Greek philosophers- atomists:

Protagoras;

Democritus;

Epicurus.

What reasons for the existence of things does Aristotle highlight?

Target reason;

What teachings of previous philosophy that influenced Plato's idealism does Aristotle call?

Socrates' teachings about general concepts;

Stoic doctrine of immortality and transmigration of the soul;

Dialectics of Heraclitus;

The atomic teaching of Democritus and Leucippus about the beginning.

What properties of being does Plato endow ideas with?

Eternity;

Physicality;

Divisibility;

Immobility.

? Positions characteristic of the sophists:

You can convince everyone of everything;

Denial of objective truth;

Certain regularities are characteristic of the development of the world;

There are truths that are not refuted by anyone;

The word is the main means of persuasion.

? According to Socrates:

Virtue consists in knowing good and acting according to this knowledge;

Self-knowledge is the source true knowledge;

What is useful is morally justified;

Dialectics is the transfer of knowledge from one person to another.

? TO Socratic schools relate:

Cinema;

The Pythagoreans;

Cyrenaica;

Epicureans;

? With whom of the ancient thinkers, according to Hegel, philosophy began in the proper sense of the word:

! Thales;

Heraclitus;

Democritus;

Pythagoras;

Parmenides.

? Main question ancient greek philosophy:

On the boundaries of knowledge;

On the essence of man;

About the structure of nature;

About the structure of society;

About the beginning of the world.

? Which of the ancient Greek philosophers was the author of the famous aporias:

Pythagoras;

? True being according to the philosophy of the Sophists and Socrates:

Human;

Society;

Society and space.

? The basis of everything according to Heraclitus is:

Fire and air.

? “I know that I don’t know anything, but they don’t know that either” - a statement:

Democritus;

Parmenides;

Socrates;

Plato;

Aristotle.

? Ancient philosophy is:

Philosophy of the Ancient Chinese;

Philosophy of the Ancient Indians;

Ancient Greek thought;

Philosophy of the Ancient Greeks and Romans;

All of the above.

He pointed to the beginning of being as something limitless, limitless ("apeiron"), which is in perpetual motion:

Protagoras;

Anaximander;

Aristotle.

? "There is nothing in the world but atoms and emptiness" - he believed:

Heraclitus;

Democritus;

Aristotle;

You can prove anything you want - the motto:

Stoikov;

Sophists;

Epicureans;

Kinikov;

Ellatov.

? Which of the philosophers belonged to the school of the Sophists:

Heraclitus;

Gorgias;

Protagoras.

? At the heart of practical philosophy Kirenaiks laid the principle:

Public benefit;

Individual use;

Pleasure;

Expediency;

All of the above.

? Logos concept in ancient philosophy means:

All of the above.

? Philosophical schools (directions) of the Hellenistic era:

Hedonism;

Stoicism;

Skepticism;

All indicated.

? Which of the ancient thinkers saw the essence of things in numbers:

Pythagoras;

Aristotle;

? The thinker who saw the essence of things in their being:

Parmenides;

Heraclitus;

? Which thinker for the first time at the center of philosophy puts the problem of man as a moral being:

Heraclitus;

Parmenides;

Socrates;

Aristotle.

? Which of ancient philosophers I saw the essence of things in their form:

Aristotle;

Democritus.

? The Stoics saw the main task of philosophy:

In the knowledge of the surrounding world;

Thinking about natural phenomena;

Healing moral ailments;

In proof of the superiority of reason over feelings;

All of the above.

? The absence of suffering is pleasure: the main thesis of the teaching:

Heraclitus;

Socrates;

Epicurus;

Aristotle.

? For Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the ideal of a person is contained in the image:

Martyr;

Saint;

Sage.

The philosopher who founded his school in the Lyceum grove (where the lyceum came from), where students were taught on the go, during walks:

Protagoras;

Aristotle;

He criticizes Plato for ascribing an independent existence to ideas:

Aristotle;

Democritus;

Pythagoras.

According to Aristotle, the active principle of life is:

Energy;

Matter ;

! substance;

! + form;

All of the above.

? "Man is a political animal" - this saying belongs to:

Plato;

Socrates;

Aristotle;

Democritus;

Plato and Aristotle.

? During the Hellenistic period, philosophy focused on:

Space;

The life of a social whole;

The life of an individual;

The problem of cognition

On all of the above.

According to Epicurus, good and evil in a person's life stems from his ability:

Think logically;

Control your feelings;

To carry out the establishment of the society;

Manage other people;

All of the above.

? "The main goal of a sage's life is to develop absolute equanimity of the spirit" - so they believed:

Cyrenaica;

The Pythagoreans;

Sophists;

Stoics;

Epicureans.

The first philosophical school Greece is considered:

Mileskaya;

Eleyskaya;

Pythagorean;

Aristotelian;

Platonovskaya.

Aristotle, unlike Plato, created a system of knowledge about:

State;

Nature;

All of the above.

According to Aristotle, man is a "political animal" because:

A person realizes his potential in political struggle;

People can only achieve good together;

Politics determines the course of history;

Politics is the goal of human activity;

All named.

I. Philosophy as a worldview, the main range of problems

? The term philosophy was first used by:

Heraclitus;

Democritus;

Pythagoras;

Aristotle;

How philosophy and worldview correlate:

Philosophy is part of the worldview;

Philosophy is the theoretical core of the worldview;

Worldview is part of philosophy;

Philosophy is the rational and theoretical basis of the worldview;

Philosophy has nothing to do with worldview.

In which regions of the world did philosophy originate?

Greece;

What are the representatives of philosophical idealism:

K. Marx;

Democritus;

Plato;

G. Hegel;

D. Berkeley.

Who believed that philosophy begins with surprise?

Plato;

Aristotle;

G. Hegel;

K. Marx.

? The main features of philosophical thinking:

Objectivity;

Reflexivity;

Integrity;

Concreteness;

Criticality.

? The structure of any worldview, according to V. Dilthey, includes:

The picture of the world;

Beliefs;

Ideals;

Life assessment;

Political ideas.

? I. Kant outlined the sphere of philosophy with the following questions (indicate the extra one):

What can I know;

What should I do;

What is nature;

What is a person;

What I dare to hope for.

? What unites mythological and religious types of worldview?

Sensual-figurative form of mastering reality;

Abstract-conceptual form of mastering reality;

Theoretical and practical mastery of the surrounding reality;

Analytical way of knowing the world;

All answers are correct.

? Materialism is:

The principle of philosophical research;

The doctrine of the materiality of the world;

Philosophical direction, affirming the primacy of matter;

Declaring the priority of sensual pleasures;

All answers are correct

? The world is a complex of sensations, according to:

Materialists;

Objective idealists;

Subjective idealists;

Pantheists;

All named.

? What role does it play in philosophical teachings"axiology"?

This is a teaching about values;

This is a theory about the motivation of behavior;

This is the doctrine of universally valid values;

It is a normative discipline;

All named.

? The difference between mentality and worldview is that mentality:

It is formed at an unconscious level;

It exists exclusively in the realm of the rational;

It is synonymous only with value orientations;

Associated only with beliefs;

All of the above.

? Mythology is historically closest to:

Philosophy;

Religions;

Art.

? Philosophy is predominantly aimed at comprehending:

Worldview issues;

Natural processes;

Social problems;

Economic problems;

Human problems.

? The set of views, assessments, norms and attitudes that determine a person's relationship to the world is:

Worldview;

Hypothesis;

Inference;

Problem.

The emergence of philosophy meant:

The emergence of abstract knowledge, withdrawal from worldly problems, rejection of vigorous activity;

The emergence of a new social class in society;

Further evolution of mythology and religion, their synthesis based on knowledge about natural

processes;

The transition of people to independent thinking about the world, about human destiny, the desire to find the truth;

All of the above.

Philosophers, according to Pythagoras, are people:

Those who know how to argue;

Those who know how to listen;

Aspirants to knowledge;

Aspiring to knowledge and the right way of life;

All of the above.

? The philosophical worldview is inherent in:

Visibility;

Empirical validity;

Consistency;

All these signs.

? Every society has:

There are as many worldviews as there are people;

One worldview;

Different types of worldviews;

How many peoples, so many worldviews;

How many confessions (religions), so many worldviews.

? Forms before philosophical worldview are:

Mythology;

Religion;

Art;

? Philosophy studies (the most suitable option):

The world as a whole;

Separate aspects of being;

Society and its problems;

Political processes in society.

? In myths, people tried to give answers to exciting questions in the form:

Legends;

Fiction;

Analysis;

Proof.

? What brings philosophy and science together:

Abstract thinking;

Using logic;

Experiments;

Implementation of results into production;

All of the above.

? According to Aristotle, the doctrine of the primary causes, the general principles of being is called:

Philosophy;

Physics;

Metaphysics;

Logic;

Ontology.

Which of the judgments focuses on the value aspect of the philosophical worldview:

Philosophy is a way of theoretical assimilation of reality, aimed at comprehending the essence of being;

Philosophy is a form of spiritual and practical mastering of reality, expression human relations to the world;

Philosophy is a system of abstract knowledge about the world that has nothing to do with Everyday life human;

Philosophy is love for wisdom;

All of the above.

Philosophy differs from religion:

As a branch of culture in which reason prevails, logic, but faith also takes place in it;

As an area of spiritual activity in which faith has greater importance than reason, although reason is used to justify faith;

As a form of culture in which knowledge itself is an object of faith and is based on the authority of tradition;

As a field of knowledge that has a historical character;

All of the above.

? Which of the questions are philosophical?

What are the ways to prevent nuclear war?

How to solve the food problem?

What is freedom?

When did people appear on earth?

What is the sense of life?

? A philosopher is a person (the most appropriate option):

Possessing the truth;

Who knows how to argue;

Able to conduct an experiment;

Aspiring to the search for truth;

All of the above.

? According to Hegel, philosophy is an era captured in:

Nature;

Society;

Art;

Thoughts and art.

? At its core, philosophy begins with the question: what is:

! true;

Nature;

Human;

The beginning of all that exists.

Philosophy originates as an attempt to solve basic worldview problems with the help of:

Symbols;

Images;

Reason;

All of the above.

? Philosophy, according to Hippocrates, is an occupation that deals with:

Comprehension of God;

Fundamental theoretical thought;

Sensory perception reality;

Experiment;

With all of the above.

The functions performed by philosophy do not include:

Pragmatic;

Methodological;

Epistemological;

World outlook;

Predictive

Please enter the correct answer. Philosophy is:

The same science as history, political science, sociology;

Ability to conduct a conversation;

It is a form of worldview based on science and reason;

This is a religion where: an abstract concept takes the place of God;

! "Science of sciences", which includes all other sciences.

? Characteristic feature philosophical reflection is an:

Doubt;

Brevity;

Evidence;

Consistency.

? Distinctive feature philosophical methods in their:

Accuracy;

Concreteness;

Versatility;

Consistency;

Objectivity.

According to Hippocrates, the physician-philosopher is like:

Sage;

Spiritual mentor;

All of the above.

Which of the following concepts relate to philosophical categories:

Gravity;

Molecule;

Elementary particle;

Substance;

Cause.

The idea of philosophy as a "mistress", "queen" of sciences has developed in:

Antique era;

In the Middle Age;

Renaissance;

New Time;

The Age of Enlightenment.

Materialism is:

The principle of philosophical research;

The doctrine of the materiality of the world;

The proclamation of priority, sensual pleasures;

Philosophical direction, affirming the primacy of matter;

All of the above.

Which of the provisions corresponds to idealism:

Consciousness is a product of matter;

Consciousness is inextricably linked with matter;

Consciousness can exist before and independently of matter;

Consciousness does not always adequately reflect matter;

All of the above.

Objective idealism is represented by:

Voltaire;

Plato;

Hegel.

One of historical types worldview (indicate inappropriate option):

Mythological;

Religious;

Philosophical;

Scientific;

Psychological.

Philosophy - multifunctional knowledge

Main functions:

1. worldview

2.gnoseological

3.methodological

World outlook function manifests itself in the fact that philosophy offers one of the pictures of the world. In a number of worldview issues, the central problem is a person's attitude to the world. This problem is concretized as the relation of thinking to being.

Depending on the nature of the philosophical doctrine, the relationship of thinking to being may have other expressions. It can be the relation of consciousness to matter, the relation of spirit to nature, the relation of the psychic to the physical, the relation of the ideal to the material. These are all formulations of the main question to philosophy.

Depending on the solution to the fundamental question of philosophy, all philosophers are divided into two large groups: materialists and idealists.

Materialists recognize the primacy of matter, which exists outside of human consciousness and does not depend on it. Matter in its development generates all the material diversity of the world and the ideal the spiritual world... Matter is primary, consciousness is secondary.

Idealists consider spirit, consciousness, ideal as the primary principle, and consider matter a product, a creation of consciousness.

Objective and subjective idealism.

Objective Idealism: The ideal start is objective. It is not connected with human consciousness, it is outside it.

Ideas exist by themselves (according to Plato)

Subjective idealism: something ideal is primary. Human consciousness is recognized as such a primary ideal. The world is a complex of my sensations.

The essence ideological function is to give a general picture of the world, to explain the world as a whole, to designate a person's place in the world and his relationship to this world.

Philosophy, solving the ideological function, satisfies a person's need for views and beliefs of a higher order, which are associated with solving questions about the truth of what exists, about the meaning of various phenomena of this world, which determine the supreme norm of human activity and which give the inner content (filling) of people's life. When such needs are not satisfied, the inner world of a person feels emptiness, and the outer one loses its beauty. (c) Soloviev.

Epistemological function

It is associated with the cognitive attitude of a person to the world. The main epistemological question is whether our thinking is able to cognize the real world and whether we can make up a true reflection of reality in our ideas and concepts of the real world.

The division of philosophers into two groups:

Some philosophers deny the possibility of reliable knowledge of the world and knowledge of the essence of phenomena - agnostics.

Other philosophers are confident in human cognitive capabilities. They believe that a person can reveal the essence of things and present a fairly accurate picture of the world. Man can acquire true knowledge. Gnoseological optimists (gnosticism) are called.

Philosophy seeks to explain in its teachings in a rational way what cannot be verified empirically, what cannot be described or indisputably refuted, i.e. philosophy provides a rational explanation for those things that science cannot investigate.

Philosophy offers its theories and hypotheses, various conceptual approaches to explaining various undisclosed or little-studied phenomena, thus, to a certain extent, philosophy makes up for an unsatisfied interest in their knowledge. Leaves less room for imagination, unscientific approaches.

Within the framework of the epistemological function, philosophy comprehends the very cognitive activity. Fundamental epistemological problems: what is knowledge? What is the mechanism of cognition? What are the forms of cognition? Stages and levels of cognition? The problem of the truth of knowledge.

Methodological function

Method - a way of performing any particular operation, a way of cognitive or practical activities... (answer the question "how?")

Methodology - a set of methods for carrying out any activity.

Methodology - knowledge about methods and techniques.

Types of methods: 1. private scientific; 2. general scientific; 3.general (philosophical)

Philosophy develops universal universal methods that are used in the fields of scientific and practical activities of people.

The philosophical understanding of the world poses the problem of the perception of the world. Is there surrounding a person the world, its objects and phenomena in a state of rest, or the world changes, develops and passes from one state to another.

This question has divided philosophers into two groups: 1. motionless; 2. fluid.

With the development of the motionless gave birth to the direction of metaphysics, which gives a static picture of the world. Over time, the fluid ones began to be called dialectics - they gave a dynamic picture of the world.

Induction and deduction are methods that were developed and appeared within the framework of philosophy. The method of induction was defended by supporters of empirical knowledge; deduction - supporters of rationalism.

Philosophy performs a methodological function and by the fact that it gives a general idea of the fundamental features of various phenomena in the world.

Other functions of philosophy:

4. Integrating function - combines different areas of knowledge, different areas of spiritual culture to solve cross-cutting common problems

Example: Anomy is the breakdown of the old value system and the absence of a new value system. Philosophers begin to debate society by engaging the public consciousness.

5. Axeological functions. philosophy - knowledge in which there is a place for assessing the phenomena of the world. Philosophy develops and defends various value systems, develops various ideals.

6. Critical function. Everything is questioned. Some philosophical views criticize the value system of other views.

7. Predictive function. Philosophy talks about possible development options based on a given state of affairs.

8. Humanistic function

9. Cultural function