List of names of stars in the sky with translation. Amazingly beautiful and unusual stars in space
Tatanova O.Yu., Dutchin I.V., Sorokin E.L.
Does the displacement of the ablation zone relative to the visual axis affect postoperative spherical and coma aberrations during correction of low and moderate myopia using femtoLASIK technology?
1 Khabarovsk branch of the National Medical Research Center MNTK Eye Microsurgery named after. acad. S.N. Fedorov" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation2 Far Eastern State Medical University
Excimer laser refractive surgery is becoming more and more popular every year. In our clinic, special attention is paid to its high quality and predictability.
Excimer laser refractive surgeries are capable of inducing various types of higher-order optical aberrations, especially coma-like and spherical, which negatively affect the quality of vision. As a result, patients may complain of halos around light sources, decreased contrast visual perception in low light conditions, deterioration of night vision.
The term “coma aberration” refers to the aberration of oblique beams of light incident at an angle to the optical axis of the lens, and in relation to the optical system of the eye - at an angle to the visual axis.
One of the complications of keratorefractive surgery is decentration of the ablation zone. Its significant displacement relative to the visual axis (in in some cases 1000 microns or more) can manifest itself in a decrease in best-corrected visual acuity, the appearance of monocular double vision, deterioration of night vision, difficulty reading, the presence of glare and halos around light sources due to the presence of a “prismatic” effect, irregular astigmatism, coma and other higher aberrations orders of magnitude
In particular, centering the ablation zone when correcting ametropia using photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and LASIK should be adjusted for the displacement of the visual axis of the eye relative to the center of the pupil. Failure or incorrect execution of this stage of the operation, according to a number of authors, inevitably leads to a decrease in postoperative visual acuity due to the induction of higher order aberrations such as coma and trefoil, which corresponds to the decentration of the optical zone (DOZ), visualized on keratotopograms.
IN recent years the frequency of cases of decentration of the ablation zone decreased. This was achieved by improving the Eyetracking system and carrying out personalized operations taking into account the kappa angle (displacement of the visual axis relative to the center of the pupil). However, the problem still requires further study.
Thus, in particular, determining the center of the laser ablation zone is often indicative. It is especially important to determine the center of the laser ablation zone when correcting farsightedness, where the tip of the cone-shaped protrusion of the corneal surface formed by the excimer laser must exactly coincide with the optical axis of the eye. After all, even a slight decentration of the ablation zone can lead to residual complex hyperopic and irregular corneal astigmatism. This important nuance is one of the disadvantages of excimer laser correction of hypermetropia and hypermetropic astigmatism.
According to some statements, when correcting myopia and myopic astigmatism, minor deviations from the center of the visual axis (up to 1 mm) are not of fundamental importance, since they practically do not affect the quality of vision. At the same time, there is an opposite opinion. So, Makovkin E.M. recommends for the degree of deviation of the visual axis eyeball relative to its anatomical axis from 0.2 mm or more, it is necessary to take this into account important point when performing excimer laser surgery.
Given the ambiguity existing opinion, we felt that this aspect required greater clarity and specification. This is due to the fact that refractive operations should be as predictable as possible, since they are performed on young, healthy, socially active people.
Therefore, we decided to use our own clinical material to study whether the formation of unwanted optical aberrations is affected by the implementation of one or another excimer laser surgery technique.
Target- to study the relationship between postoperative spherical and coma-like aberrations and the absence/presence of a displacement of the ablation center relative to the visual axis during femtoLASIK in patients with mild and moderate myopia.
Material and methods.
An in-depth examination of 41 patients with mild and moderate myopia (82 eyes) who underwent refractive surgery was carried out. The selection criterion was the presence of postoperative visual acuity, strictly similar to the initial, maximum correctable visual acuity (without loss of a single line). The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 37 years, on average 28.3±0.6 years.
There were 18 men, 23 women. The sphero-equivalent of clinical refraction averaged 3.5±0.2 diopters. Sixty-nine eyes had compound myopic astigmatism ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 D. The average ophthalmometry value was 43.68±0.2 diopters.
Two groups of patients were formed depending on the presence/absence of a displacement of the ablation center relative to the visual axis. Both groups were matched in age, gender, degree of myopia, degree of astigmatism and preoperative corneal parameters. In group 1 (21 patients, 41 eyes), when performing refractive surgery, the ablation center was shifted relative to the visual axis. In group 2 (21 patients, 41 eyes), corneal stroma ablation was performed strictly in the center of the pupil.
The range of ablation displacement in group 1 was: horizontally - from 50 to 300 µm, on average 141.0±9.1 µm; vertically - from 50 to 350 µm, on average 152.6±10.2 µm.
In addition to the standard diagnostic ophthalmological examination, spherical aberrations and coma aberrations were examined in all patients (VisxWaveScan aberrometer, USA); keratotopography (Pentacam projection keratotopograph, Oculus, Germany).
FemtoLASIK technology was used using the VizuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany). Excimer laser ablation in all cases was performed using a scanning type excimer laser Microscan-Visum-300 (Optosystems, Russia). A myopic algorithm was used with the following exposure parameters: “flying spot” technology, wavelength 193 nm, spot diameter 0.9 mm, scanning frequency 300 Hz, optical zone diameter 6 mm.
All operations were performed by the same surgeon. In all cases, the maximum possible, predictable refractive result was achieved.
After femtoLASIK, spherical aberration and coma aberration were measured in each group (at baseline and on day 5), and the presence of significant changes in these values was analyzed. When comparing groups, methods of mathematical statistics (Student's test) were used. When testing the null hypothesis, the critical level of statistical significance was taken equal to 0.05.
Results and discussion.
In patients of group 1, the initial value of spherical aberration was 0.01±0.02 µm. On the 5th day after surgery, this indicator was 0.11±0.03 µm. The significance of the differences turned out to be p=0.04 (p<0,05), т.е. сферическая аберрация достоверно увеличилась.
The coma aberration in group 1 was initially 0.15±0.02 µm; on the 5th day it corresponded to 0.17±0.02 µm. The significance of the differences turned out to be 0.063 (p>0.05), i.e. she hasn't really changed.
Visual acuity in group 1 after surgery was 0.95±0.01.
In patients of group 2, the initial spherical aberration was 0.05±0.16 µm; on the 5th day it increased to 0.11±0.03 µm. The significance of the differences turned out to be p=0.01 (p<0,05), что свидетельствует о достоверном увеличении сферической аберрации.
The coma aberration in group 2 was initially 0.13±0.01 µm; on the 5th day after femtoLASIK it increased to 0.21±0.02 µm. The significance of the differences was p=0.04 (p<0,05), т.е. показатель аберрации кома достоверно увеличился.
Visual acuity in group 2 was 0.95±0.01.
When comparing the spherical aberration values of both groups, it turned out that they were approximately comparable before surgery: 0.01 ± 0.02 and 0.04 ± 0.02, respectively (p = 0.22, i.e., no differences). On the 5th day they turned out to be moderately increased, but their correlation did not change: 0.11±0.03 and 0.11±0.03 (p=0.95, i.e. there are no differences).
Coma aberration in both groups was 0.15±0.02 and 0.13±0.01, respectively (p=0.348, i.e. no differences). By the 5th day after surgery, its values corresponded to 0.17±0.02 and 0.21±0.02, i.e. there were no differences in both groups.
Thus, the analysis showed that the femtoLASIK technique for surgical correction of weak and moderate myopia allows one to achieve the maximum possible, predictable refractive result, regardless of the presence or absence of a slight shift in the ablation center. In both cases there was a moderate increase in the degree of spherical and coma-like aberrations.
Conclusion.
A moderate displacement of the ablation center relative to the visual axis by an average of 150 μm when performing femtoLASIK technology for the correction of weak and moderate myopia did not have a negative impact on the favorable prognosis of refractive and functional indicators of the eyes; had no significant effect on postoperative spherical aberrations and coma aberrations.
Source page: 188-191
OFFSET, offset, cf. 1. Action under Ch. shift shift. Removal from position. 2. Action and condition according to Ch. shift shift (book). Shifting layers of the earth. Kidney displacement. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
bias- (shift) in the psychoanalysis of S. Freud, a process, mechanism and method of functioning of the psyche, ensuring the movement of information and energy accents from the main to the secondary, insignificant or indifferent. According to Z. Freud, S.... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
- (shear), in geology, the movement of layers during RESET relative to each other. This concept includes both the direction of movement and the volume of moved arrays. Lateral displacement is also called strike displacement, vertical displacement along dip... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
A form of psychological protection. It is characterized by redirection of the discharge of emotions, primarily anger, to objects that are safer than those that gave rise to these emotions. These could be objects, animals or other people... Psychological Dictionary
- (shift) in Freud's psychoanalysis, a process, mechanism and method of functioning of the psyche, ensuring the movement of information and energy accents from the main to the secondary, insignificant or indifferent. According to Freud, S. manifests itself and... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
bias- Deviation of an element of an oscillatory system with lumped constants or a particle of the medium of a system with distributed constants from the equilibrium position. In general, it is a vector. Unit of measurement m Note In the literature found... ... Technical Translator's Guide
BIAS- (on the grid of a vacuum tube) a constant positive or negative potential on the grid of a vacuum tube, which shifts the operating point along the characteristic of the vacuum tube. The operating point determines the strength of the anode current in the absence of signals... ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia
bias- 3.3 bias: The difference between the mathematical expectation of measurement results and the true (accepted reference) value. [EN 482] Source: GOST R EN 13205 2010: Air in the working area. Evaluation of the characteristics of devices for determining the content of... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Red shift Gravitational red shift Electrical shift Law of displacement Wine Displacement of assessment Displacement (geometry) Displacement (psychology) defense mechanism of the psyche. Offset (addressing) a means of calculating a memory address in computer science ... Wikipedia
Books
- Perihelion shift, N. E. Tsapenko. Various methods are shown for calculating the angle of displacement of the solid helium, given by A. Einstein, P. Gerber and obtained by equating the STR force to the force from GTR. All these three methods lead to one...
Vertebral displacement or spondylolisthesis is a disease of the spine, more often acquired than congenital and characterized by displacement of a vertebra in relation to the underlying one.
Depending on the extent to which the vertebra is displaced, there are five degrees of spondylolisthesis:
- 1st degree – the vertebra is displaced by a quarter. There are practically no complaints, sometimes minor pain bothers me.
- 2nd degree – the vertebra is displaced by half. Stable aching pain appears and muscle weakness appears.
- Grade 3 – the vertebra is displaced by three quarters. I am concerned about severe pain in the back, adjacent systems, muscle weakness, disruption of the functioning of internal organs, changes in posture and gait.
- 4th degree – the vertebra is completely displaced. Worries include severe pain, weakness in the arms, disturbances in posture and habitual body position, changes in the function of adjacent internal organs and systems.
- Grade 5 - the vertebra is displaced and sagging. Spinal cord compression syndrome occurs and possible ruptures. Severe radicular pain and partial paralysis. There is limited movement.
In the thoracic region, such changes are quite rare. Most often, displacement occurs in those parts of the spine that are most mobile - cervical, lumbar. Displacement in the lumbar region is preceded by traumatic fractures of the articular processes, which gradually leads to the development of displacement, which leads to the development of lameness, muscle weakness in the legs, and difficulties in movement.
To prevent displacement of the vertebrae or to prevent it from progressing to a more advanced stage. If you experience back pain after falling on your back or physical activity, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible.
Causes of vertebral displacement
The causes of vertebral displacement can be different - these are injuries, congenital pathologies, and age-related pathologies of the vertebrae. But in addition, there are factors that predetermine the displacement of the vertebrae: hereditary changes in the vertebral body, repeated injuries to the spine, and its hyperextension.
There are 5 types of vertebral displacement:
- Congenital pathology of the vertebra, due to which the vertebra is not fixed in the department and is constantly displaced.
- Isthmic vertebral displacement is a defect of the interarticular surface of the vertebra. Often occurs in athletes due to repetitive trauma or overextension.
- Degenerative displacement. Develops in old age, the cause is arthritic changes in the joints of the vertebrae.
- Traumatic displacement. It occurs as a result of direct trauma, most often a fracture of the pedicle, plate or arch of a vertebra, or facet joint.
- Pathological displacement. Develops with tumor damage to bone tissue or tissues adjacent to the vertebra.
Regardless of the cause of the displacement of the vertebrae, the first sign that is alarming in this case is back pain (in the later stages - disturbances in the functioning of internal organs). If pain occurs, especially when moving, exercising, or after falling on your back, you should consult a doctor. This will help you take the necessary measures in a timely manner and avoid irreversible changes in the spinal column.
Symptoms of vertebral displacement
Symptoms of vertebral displacement do not appear immediately, so at first it is difficult to diagnose the displacement on your own, without medical help. Gradually, pain in the affected part of the spine begins to bother, mobility decreases, a feeling of numbness appears, and after physical activity the pain increases. Muscle spasms, numbness in the arms and legs, and lameness appear.
At the first degree of displacement, the pain is insignificant, but intensifies when turning the body or during physically difficult work. With the second degree of displacement, the pain is constant and becomes unbearable with movement and exertion. In the third degree, visible disturbances appear - posture changes, lameness appears, and the range of movements decreases. With the fourth or fifth degree, gait and posture change. Upon visual examination, curvature and “subsidence” of the damaged vertebra are noticeable, and constant radicular pain and muscle pain are disturbing. The functioning of internal organs and systems is disrupted.
In general, the prognosis for vertebral displacement is favorable. In the early stages, displacement is treated conservatively, but a complex of physical therapy and special corsets are indicated, and in severe cases, surgical intervention is performed. And the sooner the patient consults a doctor, the more effective the treatment result will be.
Displacement of the cervical vertebrae
Displacement of the cervical vertebrae is common in children, especially before one year of age. Causes described include birth trauma and improper handling of newborns. Often, displacement of the vertebrae in children occurs if you pick up the child without holding the head. In adults, displacement of the cervical vertebrae occurs with osteochondrosis, dysplasia of the intervertebral discs, injuries of the cervical spine and previous operations.
Symptoms include headache, dizziness, neck pain radiating to the arms and shoulders, chest, and sensory disturbances.
Displacement of the thoracic vertebrae
Displacement of the thoracic vertebrae is less common, but develops after injury, falling on the back or lifting heavy objects, also if spinal surgery has already been performed or there are tumors. As a result of the displacement, the intervertebral canal narrows, and the following symptoms appear:
Chest pain, weakness, compression of the spinal cord and radicular pain, pain in the intercostal spaces and disruption of the functioning of internal organs.
Nervousness gradually appears, memory deteriorates, migraines and hypertension develop, high intraocular pressure appears, and hearing loss occurs.
Even ancient people united the stars in our sky into constellations. In ancient times, when the true nature of the celestial bodies was unknown, residents assigned the characteristic “patterns” of stars to the outlines of some animals or objects. Subsequently, the stars and constellations became overgrown with legends and myths.
Star maps
Today there are 88 constellations. Many of them are quite remarkable (Orion, Cassiopeia, Ursa Ursa) and contain many interesting objects that are accessible not only to professional and amateur astronomers, but also to ordinary people. On the pages of this section we will tell you about the most interesting objects in the constellations, their location, and provide many photographs and entertaining video recordings.
List of sky constellations in alphabetical order
| Russian name | Latin name | Reduction | Square (square degrees) | Number of stars brighter 6.0m |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andromeda | And | 722 | 100 | |
| Gemini | Gem | 514 | 70 | |
| Ursa Major | UMa | 1280 | 125 | |
| Canis Major | CMa | 380 | 80 | |
| Libra | Lib | 538 | 50 | |
| Aquarius | Aqr | 980 | 90 | |
| Auriga | Aur | 657 | 90 | |
| Lupus | Lup | 334 | 70 | |
| Boots | Boo | 907 | 90 | |
| Coma Berenices | Com | 386 | 50 | |
| Corvus | Crv | 184 | 15 | |
| Hercules | Her | 1225 | 140 | |
| Hydra | Hya | 1303 | 130 | |
| Columba | Col | 270 | 40 | |
| Canes Venatici | CVn | 465 | 30 | |
| Virgo | Vir | 1294 | 95 | |
| Delphinus | Del | 189 | 30 | |
| Draco | Dra | 1083 | 80 | |
| Monoceros | Mon | 482 | 85 | |
| Ara | Ara | 237 | 30 | |
| Pictor | Pic | 247 | 30 | |
| Camelopardalis | Cam | 757 | 50 | |
| Grus | Gru | 366 | 30 | |
| Lepus | Lep | 290 | 40 | |
| Ophiuchus | Oph | 948 | 100 | |
| Serpens | Ser | 637 | 60 | |
| Dorado | Dor | 179 | 20 | |
| Indus | Ind | 294 | 20 | |
| Cassiopeia | Cas | 598 | 90 | |
| Carina | Car | 494 | 110 | |
| Cetus | Set | 1231 | 100 | |
| Capricornus | Cap | 414 | 50 | |
| Pyxis | Pyx | 221 | 25 | |
| Puppis | Pup | 673 | 140 | |
| Cygnus | Cyg | 804 | 150 | |
| Leo | Leo | 947 | 70 | |
| Volans | Vol | 141 | 20 | |
| Lyra | Lyr | 286 | 45 | |
| Vulpecula | Vul | 268 | 45 | |
| Ursa Minor | UMi | 256 | 20 | |
| Equuleus | Equ | 72 | 10 | |
| Leo Minor | LMi | 232 | 20 | |
| Canis Minor | CMi | 183 | 20 | |
| Microscopium | Mic | 210 | 20 | |
| Musca | Mus | 138 | 30 | |
| Antlia | Ant | 239 | 20 | |
| Norma | Nor | 165 | 20 | |
| Aries | Ari | 441 | 50 | |
| Octans | Oct | 291 | 35 | |
| Aquila | Aql | 652 | 70 | |
| Orion | Ori | 594 | 120 | |
| Pavo | Pav | 378 | 45 | |
| Vela | Vel | 500 | 110 | |
| Pegasus | Peg | 1121 | 100 | |
| Perseus | Per | 615 | 90 | |
| Fornax | For | 398 | 35 | |
| Apus | Aps | 206 | 20 | |
| Cancer | Cnc | 506 | 60 | |
| Caelum | Cae | 125 | 10 | |
| Pisces | Psc | 889 | 75 | |
| Lynx | Lyn | 545 | 60 | |
| Corona Borealis | CrB | 179 | 20 | |
| Sextans | Sex | 314 | 25 | |
| Reticulum | Ret | 114 | 15 | |
| Scorpius | Sco | 497 | 100 | |
| Sculptor | Scl | 475 | 30 | |
| Mensa | Men | 153 | 15 | |
| Sagitta | Sge | 80 | 20 | |
| Sagittarius | Sgr | 867 | 115 | |
| Telescopium | Tel | 252 | 30 | |
| Taurus | Tau | 797 | 125 | |
| Triangulum | Tri | 132 | 15 | |
| Tucana | Tuc | 295 | 25 | |
| Phoenix | Phe | 469 | 40 | |
| Chamaeleon | Cha | 132 | 20 | |
| Centaurus | Cen | 1060 | 150 | |
| Cepheus | Cep | 588 | 60 | |
| Circinus | Cir | 93 | 20 | |
| Horologium | Hor | 249 | 20 | |
| Crater | Crt | 282 | 20 | |
| Scutum | Sct | 109 | 20 | |
| Eridanus | Eri | 1138 | 100 | |
Thanks to observations by astronomers, it turned out that the location of stars gradually changes over time. Accurate measurements of these changes require many hundreds and thousands of years. The night sky creates the appearance of a countless number of celestial bodies, randomly located in relation to each other, which often outline constellations in the sky. More than 3 thousand stars are visible in the visible part of the sky, and 6000 in the entire sky. Visible location Constellation Cygnus from Johann Bayer's atlas "Uranometria" 1603 The location of dim stars can be determined by finding bright ones, and thus the necessary constellation can be found. Since ancient times, in order to make it easier to find constellations, bright stars have been grouped together. These constellations received the names of animals (Scorpio, Ursa Major, etc.), were named after the heroes of Greek myths (Perseus, Andromeda, etc.), or simple names of objects (Libra, Arrow, Northern Crown, etc.). Since the 18th century, some of the bright stars of each constellation began to be named by letters of the Greek alphabet. In addition, about 130 brightly shining stars were named after them. After some time, astronomers designated them with the numbers that are used today for stars of low brightness. Since 1922, some large constellations were divided into small ones, and instead of groups of constellations, they began to be considered sections of the starry sky. There are currently 88 separate areas in the sky called constellations. ObservationOver the course of several hours of observing the night sky, you can see how the celestial sphere, which includes the luminaries, as one whole, smoothly rotates around an invisible axis. This movement was called diurnal. The movement of the luminaries occurs from left to right. The Moon and the Sun, as well as the stars, rise in the east, rise to their maximum height in the southern part, and set on the western horizon. Observing the rising and setting of these luminaries, it is discovered that, unlike the stars, corresponding to different days of the year, they rise at different points in the east and set at different points in the west. In December, the Sun rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest. Over time, the points of west and sunrise shift to the northern horizon. Accordingly, the Sun rises higher above the horizon at noon every day, the length of the day becomes longer, and the length of the night decreases.  Movement of celestial objects along the constellationsFrom the observations made, it is clear that the Moon is not always in the same constellation, but moves from one to another, moving from west to east by 13 degrees per day. The moon makes a full circle in the sky in 27.32 days, passing through 12 constellations. The Sun makes a similar path as the Moon, however, the speed of the Sun is 1 degree per day and the entire path is completed in a year. Zodiac constellationsThe names of the constellations through which the Sun and Moon pass were given the names of the zodiacs (Pisces, Capricorn, Virgo, Libra, Sagittarius, Scorpio, Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Aries). The Sun passes through the first three constellations in the spring, the next three in the summer, and the subsequent ones in the same way. Only six months later those constellations in which the Sun is now located become visible. Popular science film "Secrets of the Universe - Constellations" |
How many stars and constellations are there in the sky? If everything is more or less clear with the constellations, then with the stars it’s quite difficult - there are many of them, oh-so-very many. Let's look at the number and name of stars and constellations and name them alphabetically.
Stars
If you go out late at night and look at the sky, you will see a fascinating picture. Hundreds of stars, some bright, others barely noticeable, they also differ in color. Why is this so?
What is a star? This is a cosmic gas body that emits colossal thermal and light energy. Light and thermal energy is obtained as a result of nuclear reactions and all this is retained by gravity.
Stars have different ages and therefore each has its own luminosity. The color varies from blue, white to red.
The human eye is not able to see all the stars. Our vision is limited and a person, under favorable conditions, sees approximately 6 thousand stars. This is in both hemispheres, 3 thousand each. But not all of them have their own names; the most striking ones are named; there are approximately 290 of them.
In ancient times, people looked at the night sky, observed, remembered and gave beautiful names to the stars and constellations. For an ancient and uneducated person, the stars were mysticism, a deity.
Later, with the development of civilization, man used the stars to navigate the seas and oceans. This was the only landmark when there was water all around.
How stars and constellations were named
The first names were given by ancient peoples who lived in Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. Where the first signs of civilization appeared. Two dozen names have survived to this day.
Next were the Greeks. True, they didn’t really study the new stars, they simply renamed the old ones, and added a few things.
During the heyday of the Roman Empire, the Romans also gave names to many stars. But Rome fell, and science along with them.
Arab culture made a great contribution to the names and discovery. The Arabs had a heyday, and they actively named the stars, but also renamed Greek and Roman names. At the same time, Western Europe was experiencing dark times.
In the 16th century, bright times came for Europe, science began to flourish. Astronomy including. Typically, Arabic names were not renamed, but the Latin alphabet was added.
In Europe, in 1603, for the first time in history, a map of constellations with names was released. The German amateur astronomer Johann Bayer succeeded in this.
Also important, he proposed the principle of naming stars in a constellation. The basis was the Greek alphabet: Α α (alpha), Β β (beta) and until the last letter Ω ω (omega). The brightest star in the constellation was called the first letter of the Greek alphabet and as it faded, the next letter in order came.
The most famous and brightest stars
Let's look at the brightest and most famous stars that are clearly visible from Earth with the naked eye.
Adara is the second brightest star after Sirius in the constellation Canis Major.
Acrux is an alpha star in the constellation of the Southern Cross.
Aldebaran is an alpha star in the constellation Taurus. Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and only in the entire Zodiac.
Altair is an alpha star in the constellation Aquila. A bright white star that can be observed in the northern hemisphere.
Antares is an alpha star in the constellation Scorpio, red beyond the giant. On the territory of Russia it can be observed in the south or central regions.
Arcturus is an alpha star in the constellation Bootes, an orange giant. It can be observed from Russian territory all year round, but best in spring.
Achernar is a beautiful double alpha star in the constellation Eridanus. She is beautiful not by name, but by color, she has a beautiful blue color. In general, of course, it is customary to give beautiful names to stars and constellations.
Betelgeuse is an alpha star in the constellation Orion. A very interesting star to observe, it is a red supergiant, the future of the star is uncertain. It could go supernova or shed its shell and become a white dwarf.
Vega is an alpha star in the constellation Lyra, the most famous star. Can be observed from Russian territory.
Gacrux is the third star located in the Southern Cross constellation and the third brightest in this constellation.
Deneb is an alpha star in the constellation Cygnus, translated as a tail.
Canopus is an alpha star in the constellation Carina. Unfortunately, the yellow-white star is not visible from Russian territory.
Capella is an alpha star (yellow giant) in the constellation Auriga, translated as goat.
Castor is the second brightest star in the constellation Gemini.
Mimosa is a beta star, that is, the second brightest star in the Southern Cross constellation.
Pollux is a beta star in the constellation Gemini. This is the brightest star in the constellation, although it is beta, it is brighter than alpha.
Procyon is a double alpha star in the constellation Canis Minor, which means in front of the dog.
Regulus is an alpha star in the constellation Leo. The young star is only a few hundred million years old. The star has a very strong rotation.
Rigel is a beta star in the constellation Orion. Translated, it means leg, referring to the leg of Orion.
Sirius is an alpha star in the constellation Canis Major, the brightest in the constellation. This star can be observed from almost any point except the far north. Sirius has a small luminosity, but it is close to the Earth and is clearly visible in the night sky from here.
Spica is an alpha star in the constellation Virgo. You can watch from anywhere in Russia.
Toliman - an alpha star is located in the constellation Centaurus, visible to the naked eye as one star. It is actually a triple star, a yellow dwarf, an orange dwarf and a red dwarf.
Fomalhaut is an alpha star in the constellation Juvenile Pisces. The translation sounds like the mouth of a young fish. In Russia it can only be observed in the south.
Hadar is a double beta star in the constellation Centaurus. Another name for the star Agena.
Shaula is a star located in the constellation Scorpio and the second brightest in this constellation.
What is a constellation? At different times, the constellations were called differently. In ancient times, these are figures or objects that are formed by stars. Now this is done in order to more freely navigate the starry sky.
At the beginning of the 19th century, it was decided to divide the starry sky into constellations. The International Astronomical Union worked on this for 13 years, and in 1935 all work was completed. The number of constellations was also determined, there are no more and no less, out of exactly 88. We will list all the names of the constellations and the list in alphabetical order.
Andromeda is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 100 visible stars that form the symbol Andromeda, a woman with a chain.
Gemini is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 70 visible stars that form the symbol Gemini.
A constellation in the northern hemisphere, it contains 125 visible stars that form the symbol Ursa Major.
Constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 80 visible stars that form the symbol Canis Major.
Libra is a constellation in the southern hemisphere that contains 83 visible stars that form the symbol Libra. It is also a zodiac constellation.
Aquarius is a constellation in the southern hemisphere and contains 90 visible stars that form the water bearer symbol. It is also a zodiac constellation.
Auriga is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 90 visible stars that form the symbol Auriga.
Wolf is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 70 visible stars that form the symbol Wolf.
Bootes is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 90 visible stars that form the watchman symbol.
Coma Berenices is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 50 visible stars that form the symbol Coma of Queen Berenice.
The Raven is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 15 visible stars that form the symbol of the Raven.
Hercules is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 140 visible stars that form the Hercules symbol.
Hydra is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 130 visible stars that form the symbol Hydra.
The Dove is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 40 visible stars that form the Dove symbol.
Canes Venatici is a constellation in the northern hemisphere that contains 57 visible stars that form the Canes Venatici symbol.
Virgo is an equatorial constellation containing 95 visible stars that form the symbol Virgo. It is also a zodiac constellation.
Dolphin is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, containing 30 visible stars that form the symbol Dolphin.
Draco is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 80 visible stars that form the symbol Draco.
Monoceros is an equatorial constellation containing 85 visible stars that form the Unicorn symbol.
The Altar is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 60 visible stars that form the symbol of the altar, the altar.
The Painter is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 49 visible stars that form the easel symbol.
Giraffe is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 50 visible stars that form the Giraffe symbol.
The Crane is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 53 visible stars that form the Crane symbol.
The Hare is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 72 visible stars that form the Hare symbol.
Ophiuchus is an equatorial constellation containing 100 visible stars that form the symbol Ophiuchus, the Healer. It is also a zodiac constellation.
Serpens is an equatorial constellation containing 106 visible stars that form the symbol of Serpens.
Doradus is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 32 visible stars that form the Dorado symbol.
The Indian is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 38 visible stars that form the symbol Indian.
Constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 150 visible stars, forming the symbol of the Queen enthroned.
Carina is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 206 visible stars that form the symbol Carina.
Cetus is an equatorial constellation containing 100 visible stars that form the symbol Carina.
Capricorn is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 50 visible stars that form the symbol Capricorn.
Compass is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 43 visible stars that form the Compass symbol.
Puppis is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 241 visible stars that form the symbol Puppis.
The constellation of the northern hemisphere contains 150 visible stars that form the symbol Cygnus.
Constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 70 visible stars that form the symbol Leo. It is also a zodiac constellation.
Flying Fish is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 31 visible stars that form the Flying Fish symbol.
Lyra is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 45 visible stars that form the Lyra symbol.
Chanterelle is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 72 visible stars that form the symbol of Fox.
A constellation in the northern hemisphere, it contains 20 visible stars that form the Little Bear symbol.
Lesser Horse is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 14 visible stars that form the symbol of the Foal.
Leo Minor is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, containing 34 visible stars that form the symbol of the Lion Cub.
Canis Minor is an equatorial constellation containing 20 visible stars that form the symbol Canis Minor.
Microscope is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 37 visible stars that form the Microscope symbol.
Fly - a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 37 visible stars that form the Microscope symbol.
The Pump is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 42 visible stars that form the symbol of the air pump.
The Angle is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 42 visible stars that form the symbol of the Angle.
Aries is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, containing 50 visible stars that form the symbol of the Ram. It is also a zodiac constellation.
Octant is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 35 visible stars that form the Octant symbol.
Eagle is an equatorial constellation containing 70 visible stars that form the symbol Eagle.
The equatorial constellation contains 120 visible stars that form the symbol Orion.
Peacock is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 45 visible stars that form the symbol Peacock.
Sails is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 195 visible stars that form the symbol Sails.
Pegasus is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 166 visible stars that form the symbol Pegasus, the winged horse.
Perseus is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 35 visible stars that form the symbol Perseus.
Fornax is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 57 visible stars that form the symbol Furnace.
The Bird of Paradise is a constellation in the southern hemisphere that contains 20 visible stars that form the bird of paradise symbol.
Cancer is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, containing 60 visible stars that form the symbol of the Crab. This is also a zodiac constellation.
The incisor is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 21 visible stars that form the symbol of the Crab.
Pisces is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, containing 75 visible stars that form the symbol of Pisces. This is also a zodiac constellation.
Lynx is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 92 visible stars that form the Lynx symbol.
Corona Borealis is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, containing 20 visible stars that form the symbol Corona Borealis.
Sextant is an equatorial constellation containing 34 visible stars that form the Sextant symbol.
The Reticulum is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 22 visible stars that form the Reticulum symbol.
Scorpio is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 100 visible stars that form the symbol Scorpio. It is also a zodiac constellation.
The Sculptor is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 55 visible stars that form the Sculptor symbol.
Table Mountain, a constellation in the southern hemisphere, contains 24 visible stars that form the symbol Table Mountain.
Sagittarius is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 28 visible stars that form the symbol Sagittarius.
Sagittarius is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 115 visible stars that form the symbol Sagittarius.
A constellation in the northern hemisphere, it contains 125 visible stars that form the Telescope symbol.
Triangle is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, contains 25 visible stars that form the Triangle symbol.
Toucan is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 44 visible stars that form the symbol Toucan.
Phoenix is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 68 visible stars that form the symbol Phoenix.
Chameleon is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 31 visible stars that form the symbol Chameleon.
Constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 150 visible stars that form the symbol Centaur.
Cepheus is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 148 visible stars that form the symbol King Cepheus.
Compass is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 20 visible stars that form the symbol Compass.
Hours is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 35 visible stars that form the Hours symbol.
The Chalice is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 20 visible stars that form the Chalice symbol.
The Shield is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 28 visible stars that form the Shield symbol.
Eridanus is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 187 visible stars that form the symbol Eridanus.
South Hydra is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 32 visible stars that form the symbol South Hydra.
Corona Southern - a constellation in the southern hemisphere, contains 40 visible stars that form the symbol Corona Southern.
Southern Pisces is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, contains 43 visible stars that form the symbol Southern Pisces.
The Southern Cross is a constellation of the southern hemisphere, containing 30 visible stars that form the Southern Cross symbol.
The Southern Triangle is a constellation in the southern hemisphere, containing 32 visible stars that form the Southern Triangle symbol.
The Lizard is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, containing 63 visible stars that form the Lizard symbol.
The starry night sky is beautiful and mesmerizing. The stars are unattainable for humans, but how they beckon with their brilliance. Dream about the stars, think about the stars.
