Rating encyclopedia of religions. Religions of the World: Small Historical Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Religions and Ancient Cultures

Shamans beat tambourines, Moses ascends the mountain, the Roman throws a handful of grain into the fire of the hearth, the Egyptians give each other funerary utensils, the Paleolithic artist paints a herd of bulls and heaps up the entrance to the cave with stones ... Why? How did the world begin? How did plants, animals and humans come about? Since when and why has humanity celebrated the New Year? What was Homer silent about? What do Egyptologists, Sumerologists, anthropologists, and religious scholars do? We'll cover all of this, but be careful not to get tangled up in the branches of the World Tree!

About the series "Little Encyclopedias"

The Little Encyclopedia series is about things that seem too complicated to be the subject of an encyclopedia for children.

Dossier of the edition

10 questions to the author of the book "Religions of the World"

An interview with Yevlalia Popova, who over the years of work on the book has become part of the Fordevind team, about herself and about the book: how it was created, how it differs, who needs it and why ...

How did you get the idea to write a book about religions?

It happened by chance, that is, I had absolutely no intention (and did not dream!) To write a book, especially on such a complex topic. I just came to Fordewind to have tea and get to know each other. Probably, Anya and Margot saw sparks of inspiration flying out of my eyes when for some reason I told them about the Egyptian burial utensils and the pyramid texts, and the tea party ended with the proposal to make a book.

What brought you to this topic?

An existential crisis, of course! It seems that it happened in the third year of the Literary Institute. I read Kierkegaard, pushed through Dostoevsky and listened to audio recordings of conversations with Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh. And I was covered. Probably, at the age of 19 it is impossible not to be tormented by the search for the meaning of life. Around the same time, I met a teacher at the Kolomna Orthodox Seminary who could answer almost all of my questions about Christianity. We talked for hours (about the ill-fated apple and the views of geneticists on the existence of real Adam and Eve, about the big bang theory and microbiology, about the Great Schism and early Christian apologetics, about Plato and Aurelius Augustine, etc.), and I felt like a picture of the world slowly expanding, "blind spots" are filled with logical and harmonious content. In addition to Christianity, I was then strongly fascinated by Buddhism and Ancient Egypt, the beliefs of "primitive" peoples. After graduating from the Literary Institute, I entered the correspondence department of PSTGU, the Department of Religious Studies. But I quickly realized that I did not need a diploma of a second higher education, I needed knowledge, and I could study shamanism, Egypt, Jainism, and the history of Christianity of the early Middle Ages on my own. Having passed the first session with excellent marks, I took the documents. In general, I really like the idea of ​​self-education, but here it is important to be able to work with sources and have well-tuned critical thinking: check and double-check every word, question any statement, even if you really like it.

What is the peculiarity of this encyclopedia, how does it stand out from others?

Firstly, there are not so many Russian-language children's books about religions - the fingers of one hand are enough to count. And there are very few such books that would talk about each of the religions with the same ecstasy and at the same time would not be pulled in any direction. We tried to maintain maximum neutrality and objectivity.

Secondly, we talk not only about religions, but also about those scientists, without whom there would be no religious studies or our book. Attention! It is possible that after reading it, your child will decide to become an archaeologist, anthropologist or Buddhist.

Third, in addition to stories about specific religions, the book contains "cross-cutting" spreads devoted to the fundamental categories inherent in all religions. Sacrifices, symbols, the role of words in religions of different nations, the connection between religion and culture, the opposition of religion and science ... There is even a short history of mankind. All this is terribly interesting and sometimes so large-scale that it takes your breath away!

Who else took part in the work on the book?

A Buddhist monk, a Catholic priest, a Protestant deacon, my friend an Indian from Varna Brahmins, an Egyptologist and a religious scholar ... There are a lot of wonderful people! I consulted with some of them during the writing of the book, and when the texts were ready, we agreed them with the representatives of Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. It was very important for us to tell about each of the religions as correctly and truthfully as possible, without distortions.

In addition, our book was read cover to cover by a scientific consultant, to whom we are very grateful for the valuable comments. By the way, thanks to this interaction with both theorists (scientists-religious scholars) and practitioners (representatives of religions), we found that their views on the same things can differ significantly!

What are your favorite chapters?

About rock art, about Confucianism and Taoism, about shamanism and Zoroastrianism ... I can just list all the content!

What topic was the most difficult to work with?

It is difficult to write about the Abrahamic religions, because it was necessary to do it very carefully, to avoid sharp corners and not to take sides in the differences that exist between them. But it was even harder with Buddhism! I rewrote it five times. Truly Bhante Topper (our consultant) has golden patience!

Of course, it is needed - by both. That is, it's great to be Orthodox and at the same time know something about Islam, Buddhism or Judaism. And it’s all the more great when atheists understand what they are against and what they deny. When a Buddhist understands the Orthodox, the Orthodox - the Buddhist, the Muslim - the Catholic, and the Catholic - the Muslim, the atheist - the believer, and so on, there is space for safe and respectful communication. Each of us has the opportunity to conduct a dialogue with representatives of a particular religion, respecting their faith and beliefs. We may disagree with each other in some ways, but it is important to maintain mutual respect and goodwill.

The two most pressing issues related to religion now are the issue of propaganda and the issue of insulting the feelings of believers. What about this in the book?

As I said, in our book there is no religious propaganda, we do not incline the reader to any of the religions, instead we invite him to walk with us through the centuries and see how differently bizarre and at the same time similar people thought about God, about life and death. We are very sensitive to the feelings of believers. This is also why we turned to representatives of different religions - to find out how these texts would be perceived by believers. At the end of the book, we even put a stamp on which it is written that we recognize and respect other points of view on the issues raised in the book and have great respect for the beliefs and beliefs of each person.

Could this book be a manual or textbook on the basics of religious cultures and secular ethics?

No textbook, of course. But we hope that our book turned out to be more interesting than any textbook, because it is not limited by any strict framework and it does not have a teacher's tone, but is very friendly and even provocative in places. We would very much like to captivate the child, interest him and awaken curiosity, so that after reading this book, he would find something of his own, catch on to it and set off on an exploratory adventure on his own! In addition, the pages of the book are decorated with amazing illustrations by Anya Oparina, which you will not find in any textbook!

At what age can you start talking to your child about religion?

When the child himself begins to ask questions about religion, then, probably, it is necessary to start a conversation. For some, this happens at the age of 6-7, for others later. The publishing house recommends the book to children of middle and senior school age, but this is a personal and unique matter, when it is interesting, then it is necessary to read. And it is imperative - for parents to discuss the topic with the child, if necessary, help in understanding difficult places. We tried to create a book that would be fun to read, and at the same time it was important not to lose depth, to avoid superficiality. Hope we got it right!

Teaser for the book "Religions of the World"

What is strange but very beautiful happening in the teaser for the book "World Religions: A Little Historical Encyclopedia"?

For this video, we took illustrations from the book and together with Anna Oparina (although where do we care about sleight of hand of the master?) We cut them out so that the light passing through turns shadows into pictures. We have arranged a real shadow theater on the wall of the publishing house's office! Of course, this should be seen live, but it looks great on the video too. And mysterious! Photo details of the process -

"Man is not able to create even a worm, but he creates dozens of gods."

I don’t know if the epigraph phrase actually belongs to the French philosopher and writer Michel Montaigne (and a huge number of sources on the network attribute it to him), but it expresses my thoughts as best as possible, which arise during the study (just call this process the language does not turn) "Encyclopedia of Religions". Its creators wanted to make their publication the most complete information source on religious topics, and this desire was expressed in meticulousness.

Here is information about all existing (and already obsolete, by the way, too) religions, beliefs and even cults that are insignificant in number of followers and time of existence, of which there have been many throughout human history. Of course, there is no information about personal deities invented by someone exclusively for personal use in this encyclopedia, but information about all the others (as well as about rituals, traditions, doctrines, mythology, symbolism, theology and demonology, cult practices, ethical, legal and moral norms, art forms, social institutions and other related things), I'm sure there will be in the book.

This approach could not but affect the volume - " Encyclopedia of religions"Is an impressive tome. It is colossal (and can a truly serious encyclopedia be different?), Both in its physical embodiment (format 84 × 108/16, 1520 pages, more than 3400 articles), and in the “fame” of the institutions and specialists behind its creation ... The title was announced by the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, Amur State University, the Academy of Labor and Social Relations; the international editorial and publishing council of the edition consists of eighteen doctors, professors and academicians from Russia, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Poland, Germany; the team of authors, numbering more than one hundred and twenty people; the compilers and editors of the encyclopedia are Doctor of Philosophy Andrei Pavlovich Zabiyako (professor at AmSU), Alexander Nikolaevich Krasnikov (associate professor at Moscow State University), Ekaterina Sergeevna Elbakyan (professor at ATiSO). As you can see, everything is serious.

Due to its vastness, the encyclopedia ceases to be just a collection of information; it is a storehouse of knowledge about the entire religious life of mankind. If the publication is skillfully used, then it is possible to obtain not only scattered information, but also to trace the development of a person's ideas about the world order - from the interpretations of the most ancient religions to the current understanding of the universal order. To do this, you can use a special thematic index, which is available in addition to the alphabetical index of articles. He groups materials into eleven headings: "Terms common to many confessions", "Ancient and ethnolocal religions and cults", "Buddhism and religion of India", "Zoroastrianism", "Religions of China and Japan", "Judaism", "Gnosticism", "Christianity", "Islam", "Esoterics and new religious movements", "Ecumenism".

The compilers emphasize that the "Encyclopedia of Religions" is a secular and non-confessional publication, among the authors of which there are atheists, agnostics, Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, Jews and bearers of other beliefs, but this does not prevent them from acting primarily as scientists, abstracting from their personal preferences. In addition, when preparing the encyclopedia, they were free from any pressure from religious organizations, political movements or government institutions, guided only by scientific interest and love of truth. Considering all of the above, we can confidently state that this is a unique book for the Russian-speaking world that reliably tells about all existing confessions and religions, showing an equal respect for each of them. The main thing in the encyclopedia is the knowledge that the reader can gain, and not the faith that he professes.

I can’t say that I have read the entire book — I don’t even know how long it would have taken if I had decided to do it — but I am reading it, and I will do it in the future. In the near future, it will become a desktop volume, which I will regularly look into in search of interesting articles, since the topic of religion has always interested me. I recommend the encyclopedia to others with a similar interest.

"Religion is a spiritual formation, a special type of a person's relationship to the world and to himself, conditioned by the idea of ​​another being as dominant in relation to the everyday existence of reality"

The content of the article

RELIGION(from Latin religio - "shrine", piety, piety; Cicero linked it with Latin religere - to collect, revere, observe, think over again). A special form of understanding the world, conditioned by belief in the supernatural, which includes a set of moral norms and types of behavior, rituals, cult actions and the unification of people in an organization (church, religious community). American anthropologist C. Geertz, exploring the "cultural aspect of the analysis of religion", also defines it as a system of symbols "which contributes to the emergence of strong, comprehensive and stable moods and motivations in people, forming ideas about the general order of being and giving these ideas have a halo of reality in such a way that these moods and motivations seem to be the only real ones. " At the same time, theologians argue that no matter how comprehensive the definition of religion is, an unbeliever is not able to understand and define its essence.

Theology (the doctrine of God) is a system of doctrinal provisions that appears with the emergence of theistic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) and social institutions of the Jewish or Muslim community or the Christian church.

Christian theology is subdivided into historical, which examines the history of the Church, the Bible; systematic - dogmatics, apologetics; practical - homiletics, catechetics, liturgy (teaching about worship). Theology continues to evolve to this day. Cm. BEK, LEO; BART, CARL; KONGAR, IV; WELTE, BERNHARD; LONERGAN, BERNARD; RANER, CARL; BENEDICT XVI.

The origin of religion.

There are two main approaches to this issue: religious studies (scientific) and theological (strictly religious). From the point of view of theologians and religious philosophers, the idea of ​​God in human consciousness is the result of the creation of the world and man by God and the influence of the divine essence on man. Proofs of the existence of God during the formation and development of Christianity were cited by Augustine the Blessed, Anselm of Canterbury, Thomas Aquinas, philosophers R. Descartes, G. Leibniz, and others.

Within the framework of the scientific religious studies approach, there are many concepts of the origin of religion. For example, the German philosopher and sociologist M. Weber believed that the prerequisite for the emergence of religion is the problem of meaning. Religion concentrates meanings, and the experience of the world passes into the consciousness of the world. The world is filled with supernatural powers, gods, demons and souls. Religion instills in its followers a system of norms that determines moral positions in relation to the world.

Theistic religions include Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Early religions spread along ethnic and political boundaries are inferior to supranational, world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam), uniting people regardless of their place of residence, language and ethnicity, etc. This idea is expressed in the New Testament: "There is no Ellin, no Jew, no circumcision, no uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, slave, free, but Christ is all and in everything."

Currently, along with the established religions, a new type of religiosity is emerging, numerous non-traditional religions, which is caused by the growing interest in the ideas of cosmism, various forms of esoteric knowledge, the revival of archaic religious beliefs, often as symbols of national spirituality.

Classification of religions.

In our time, there are more than five thousand religions. To systematize this diversity, the types of religions are usually distinguished according to some common characteristics. There are various typological schemes according to which religions can refer, for example, to "pagan and frank", "natural and ethical", "natural and inspired", etc. Religions are divided into dead and living (modern). The former include extinct religions, for example, the beliefs of the ancient Indians, Egyptians, who left behind many legends, myths and monuments of ancient culture.

Religions can be

monotheistic(monotheism) and polytheistic(pantheon of gods);

tribal(common among peoples who have preserved archaic social structures, for example, among the aborigines of Australia and Oceania);

national-national(Hinduism, Confucianism, Sikhism, etc.);

world... The world (supranational) religions include: Buddhism (the main directions are Mahayana and Hinayana), Christianity (the main varieties are Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism), Islam (the main directions are Sunnism and Shiism).

Elena Kazarina

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Vitaly Demyanovich Gitt

The century of scientific and technological progress has come to an end. Even the advanced green 3D and 4G glasses are unable to support the illusion of omniscience and the omnipotence of science. The "fairy tales of robots" are filled with folk legends, where magic and miracles live - the constant companions of Happiness. ... Further

Undoubtedly believing that there is happiness, Vitaly Demyanovich Gitt in his book enthusiastically and captivatingly reveals the modern magical map of the world. The author invites the reader to search for miracles, gives him the opportunity to look at the usual reality in a new way.

Yes, there is magic. Yes, miracles happen. Everyone should know about this at least the most necessary, and also have a vital "magical immunity". And to maintain this immunity, you can and should use the appropriate means. One of the most effective magical means is the ancient Scandinavian Runes, which have survived since the time of Odin.

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According to the official version, the first people appeared in Europe forty thousand years ago. It is believed that they were from African tribes. Around the same time, the first ritual images carved into rocks appeared in Australia. Similar images have been found and in Namibia. The first evidence that pointed to the difference between man and animal were the simplest concepts of the wandering of the soul and very primitive magic. Later, all modern sciences and religions emerged from ancient magic. In the book of the famous researcher of the mystical history of mankind, Gordeev Sergei Vasilievich, it is told how, falling into delusions and freeing himself from them, a person became a person. It tells about how ancient magic gradually turned into modern world religions. The large number of illustrations makes reading this book not only useful, but also very enjoyable.... Further

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Nikolay Maltsev



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