In 1922 the Soviet government expelled from the country. Literary and historical notes of a young technician

The number of underpants, the number of dissidents, the amount of unwritten books in the USSR, the time before Lenin's apoplectic stroke and other figures describing the operation "Philosophical Steamer"

Sergei Horuzhy called the operation of the Soviet authorities to expel scientists and cultural figures abroad or to remote regions of the RSFSR in 1922-1923 as a "philosophical steamer". The idea to expel the objectionable intelligentsia arose in connection with the mass strikes of professors and university professors.

"…fire 20-40 professors necessarily. They fool us. Think it over, prepare and strike hard, ”Vladimir Lenin asked in a letter on February 21, 1922 to Kamenev and Stalin, referring to the professors of the Moscow Higher Technical School, who protested against the authorities' interference in the educational process.

Six days remained until Lenin's apoplectic stroke, when on May 19, 1922 he wrote a letter to Dzerzhinsky: “Comrade. Dzerzhinsky! On the question of the expulsion abroad of writers and professors helping the counter-revolution. We need to prepare it more carefully ... "

The term of expulsion abroad or to certain areas of the RSFSR "persons involved in counter-revolutionary uprisings" could not exceed three years(according to the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On Administrative Expulsion" of August 10, 1922).

Three lists dissidents subject to expulsion were drawn up in the State Political Administration in the summer of 1922: Moscow (67 people), Petrograd (51 people), Ukrainian (77 people).

Total 195 people- doctors, professors, educators, economists, agronomists, cooperators, writers, lawyers, engineers, political and religious leaders, as well as students - were on the first lists of 1922 for expulsion.

So many people were crossed out from the lists after satisfying various motions.

Two ambushes was left to search for "anti-Soviet students" during the operation from August 31 to September 1 - on that night, out of 33 planned, 15 students were arrested.

Two trains(Moscow - Riga and Moscow - Berlin) took away the dissidents on September 23, 1922.

© www.rusarchives.ru

On September 29, 1922, the steamer "Oberburgomister Haken" departed from Petrograd, on which they sailed to the city
Stettin Until 1945, the city of Stettin belonged to Prussia. about 30 university professors and philosophers from Moscow, Kazan and other cities. Among them are Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Trubetskoy, Alexander Kizevetter and others.

About 10 people came to see off the steamer "Oberburgomister Haken". “We were not allowed on board. We were standing on the embankment. When the steamer departed, those leaving were already invisibly sitting in their cabins. It was not possible to say goodbye, ”Yuri Annenkov recalled.

On November 16, 1922, the steamship "Prussia" sailed from Petrograd to Stettin with 17 deportees and members of their families... Among them were the philosophers Nikolai Lossky, Lev Karsavin, Ivan Lapshin, the first director of the Pushkin House Nestor Kotlyarevsky and others.

One summer and one winter coat, one suit and one hat each allowed to take the departing.

Two sets of underwear, two shirts(night and day), two pairs of pants, stockings and shoes could be put in a suitcase. It was forbidden to take money and property with you.

Three of the exiled subsequently returned to the USSR: Dolmat Lutokhin (returned in 1927, worked as a senior researcher at the Central Research Institute of the Paper Industry), Alexey Peshekhonov (returned in 1927, worked as an economic consultant in the Baltic countries) and Alexander Ugrimov (returned in 1948, worked as an agronomist on experienced stations).

© Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow

Total 21 professional philosopher was expelled in the 1920s among other intelligentsia, among them: Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, Mikhail Osorgin, Pitirim Sorokin, Sergei Trubetskoy and others.

21 books Nikolai Berdyaev was published after his expulsion from Russia. Before his expulsion, seven of his books were published in Russia.

29 years used the ship "Prussia", then renamed "Krillon" by the Soviet Union, until in 1975 it became the hotel "Morskaya I".

81 years later- November 15, 2003 - on the Lieutenant Schmidt Embankment in St. Petersburg, the St. Petersburg Philosophical Society erected a memorial sign with the inscription "Outstanding figures of Russian philosophy, culture and science set off for forced emigration from this embankment in the fall of 1922."

More than 200 philosophers, university professors, lawyers, doctors, scientists, writers, and religious leaders were sent on two flights of leased German ships - "Oberburgomister Hagen" (departed on September 29) and "Prussia" (sailed on November 16).

Also, "philosophical trains" carried the flower of the Russian intelligentsia to Germany and Latvia.

So N.A. was forcibly left the homeland. Berdyaev, S.L. Frank, S.E. Trubetskoy, P.A. Ilyin, B.P. Vysheslavtsev, A.A. Kizevetter, M.A. Osorgin, M.M. Novikov, A.I. Ugrimov, V.V. Zvorykin, N.A. Tsvetkov, I. Yu. Bakkal and many others.

Professor I. A. Ilyin and Prince S. E. Trubetskoy. A drawing by I. A. Matusevich, made on board a steamer sailing to Germany. 1922 year. Source: Commons.wikimedia.org

A similar receipt was knocked out of other doctors, scientists, engineers, philosophers who were undesirable for the Soviet regime.

However, Lenin believed that the action to expel intellectuals would be perceived in the West as a more humane attitude of the Soviet government towards dissidents. Indeed, until 1922, for those opposed to Soviet power, expulsion was one road - to the wall. Now the shooting has been replaced by expulsion. “It would be necessary to send several hundred such gentlemen abroad mercilessly,” wrote Lenin. "Let's cleanse Russia for a long time." It is necessary to "arrest ... without announcing motives - leave, gentlemen!" Lenin gave his orders shortly before the stroke. According to his contemporaries. In 1921-1922 Krupskaya Ilyich and I solved the equations that were taught to schoolchildren in the second grade.

On August 31, 1922, Pravda published the following: “The most active counter-revolutionary elements from among the professors, doctors, agronomists, writers, are sent partly to the Northern provinces of Russia, partly abroad.<…>There are almost no major scientific names among those sent.<…>The expulsion of active counter-revolutionary elements and the bourgeois intelligentsia is the first warning of the Soviet government in relation to these strata. The Soviet government will continue to value highly and in every possible way support those representatives of the old intelligentsia who will loyally work with the Soviet government, as the best part of specialists does now. But it will still fundamentally suppress any attempt to use Soviet opportunities for an open or secret struggle against the workers 'and peasants' power for the restoration of the bourgeois-landlord regime. "

It is interesting that finding themselves in exile against their will, many writers and scientists immediately joined the activities of the Russian Diaspora and began to publish their articles and even publish their own newspapers, lecture at universities, introducing Europe to Russian culture and science. So, historian and philosopher Lev Karsavin in Germany he organized the Russian Scientific Institute with like-minded people, established the Obelisk publishing house.

Stele "Philosophical Steamer" Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

During the Great Patriotic War, many exiled cultural and scientific workers, to the best of their ability, provided assistance to the Soviet army in the struggle against Nazi Germany.

Almost seventy-year-old Lev Platonovich was arrested in 1949 on charges of "participating in the anti-Soviet Eurasian movement and preparing the overthrow of Soviet power." The 68-year-old scientist was sentenced to 10 years in forced labor camps. Struck by tuberculosis, a brilliant scientist, philosopher died in the summer of 1952 in the village of Abez, Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, where there was a huge sanitary camp for political prisoners.

Our story is about an event that was not previously given special importance. It will be about the expulsion from the country of a large group of philosophers and scientists in the fall of 1922. Together with many others, this event was also removed from history - but, apparently, more for order, so that the consciousness of the working people is not distracted by trifles. There was no veil of deep secrecy; and, although it was not supposed to write about the deportees, how they ended up abroad, but in the writings of trusted historians who strictly followed the party's order to tell the people the whole truth, everyone could, for example, read: “In August-September 1922, by decree of the State Political management from the major centers of the country were expelled the most active counter-revolutionaries ... At about the same time, the GPU made in Moscow the arrests of speculators-currency dealers ... ". Christian thinkers of Russia - David Lvovich Golinkov says this about them in the first phrase - would not be surprised at such a text. It was like that already. “And the word of the Scripture came true:“ and numbered among the evildoers ”(Mr 15:28). In the same way, after the event, sober people did not see anything significant in it. The main state matters, economy and power, were not touched upon here.

And suddenly the attitude to the old episode began to change rapidly. In the work that has begun to restore historical memory and spiritual foundations, they are returning to it with increasing frequency and persistence. At first dimly, then they realized more clearly the scale of the names, the extent of the cultural loss. And the thought is ripening: was not the expulsion of the philosophers one of the important milestones, the triggering events of that destructive process that struck not only culture, but all aspects of our life, made Stalin's Russia possible and has hardly been completely defeated to this day? To understand whether this thought is true, one must first of all have a solid foundation of facts. The deportation event has long been overgrown with legends and fantasies, in the writings about it there is a great mass of unreliable. What to take from David Lvovich, who knows what he wants? But here we have before us a scientific article on expulsion, solid and large, not so long ago published in the West. What? here the "list of exiled philosophers" of 11 names includes A. Izgoev, who was not a philosopher, B. Vysheslavtsev, who was not expelled, and S. Trubetskoy, who clearly consisted of two figures: S. Ye. Trubetskoy, exiled, but again not a philosopher, and an outstanding metaphysician S.N. Trubetskoy, who died 17 years before the event. So - who was expelled and how?

Let's start in order, with a few words about the timing of what is happening. 1922 - the height of the New Economic Policy; but in different areas of life NEP looked very different. Undoubtedly, it brought a quick and tangible relief to the everyday life of citizens (and the ease with which it was then possible, in comparison with the current fruitless attempts, shows once again where Russia has been moving since then). An unfulfilled dream of perestroika today sounds like the lines from the memoirs: “At that time Moscow was rich in various food, and the chervonets held on tightly” (L.E. Bulgakova-Belozerskaya). Food goods and other urgently needed goods appeared overnight, as if by the tsar's mania. “Lenin took it, Lenin gave it,” says the Platonic clerk to an old woman who shed tears at the sight of a sudden abundance. And in agriculture the NEP was, it seems, rather long-lasting and fruitful (“it seems” reflects the shaky knowledge of the author in the agrarian question). However, it was different in politics and culture, in the mores of people and in the general atmosphere of the era. In the instinct of the era, one should trust the great poets most of all - when they are. They were in Russia. In Blok, NEP did not evoke even a grain of light feelings, and the "Romanian orchestra" became its symbol for him. Pasternak called NEP "the most ambiguous and false of the Soviet period." And what lies behind this consonant poetic rejection has a direct bearing on our topic.

NEP was declared as a permissive policy replacing the prohibitive one, as a course of breadth, benevolent acceptance and an invitation to cooperation of all politically loyal forces. And as if it were, the fruits were there. Publishing houses, exhibitions, theaters were opened everywhere, magazines and almanacs were conceived in many, associations of artists, writers, scientists were created ... The experience of a turbulent era fertilized creativity, and much of what was done then lives on in our culture today. But if the culture was genuine, then the freedom given to it was counterfeit. The essence of NEP has always been described by such concepts as retreat, concession, maneuver - in a word, something forced and allowed for a while, within strict limits. The limits changed, they were influenced by many factors, from the international situation to the tastes of high-ranking wives led by Olga Davydovna Kameneva (if we talk about culture). But the main principle has always been that only the authorities dictate them, and the admitted elements only receive a decree, as long as they are admitted today. Or completely prohibited. There was a game of a cat with a mouse; and the brilliant culture of the Silver Age of Russia served as one of the mice for the new rulers.

Moreover, in the main things there was no room for concessions. In all the main aspects, the process of the formation of the new system proceeded steadily, without interruption and without changing direction. Having read The Gulag Archipelago, we must know that the stream of repressions did not stop at all during the NEP years. The repressions were political (although the former opponents no longer had the opportunity to fight), class, religious. Various measures of control, restrictions, suppression, intimidation, defamation were close to them. But what purpose did this entire oppressive arsenal serve when all opposition had already been suppressed? Looking at the history of the Soviet system, we can say today that after the elimination of the opposition, the next stage in its creation was the elimination of the public. And if the first was by no means new (returning to the very recent absolutism), then the second pushed the country onto a previously unknown path, which very soon led to the destruction of society and the complete triumph of totalitarianism.

Power and the public: this pair is like a Russian version of a two-party system, a system of two principles or forces, the balance of which keeps society. This option existed in our country for about a century, replacing the previous pair of forces known as "autocracy and noose". Unfortunately, he was rarely that constructive rivalry-cooperation, which Pushkin painted with approval: "Here the onslaught is fiery, but there is a stern rebuff / Springs are bold of a new civic spirit." What we had, more often resembled two packs, growling and grinning, standing opposite each other. But still, with all the imperfection and unsightlyness, the simple model worked. Its meaning was that two warring forces created a gap between themselves, space - and due to this social space, individual freedom and culture could exist. And the created space turned out to be sufficient for it to be able to realize neither more nor less - the phenomenon of Russian literary classics.

It should be clarified: the defining feature of the public was not political opposition, but independence, the possession of its own system of values, which was expressed in such realities as "public opinion", "public ethical code" ... Even during periods of excitement, the main part was made up of an ordinary loyal public - zemstvo, educational, academic, not included in the extreme politicized stratum ("pack"), but retaining spiritual independence. And it was precisely this loyal but independent public that became the object of a new stage in the repressive policy. This stage developed widely in 1921-22, although earlier, when the struggle against real opponents was still at the center, many measures of the new government - primarily religious persecution - were already clearly related to the struggle against the public, to the destruction of the foundations of the social and popular independence.

The first major action that set new goals and, apparently, pushed the idea of ​​deportation to the birth, was the defeat of Pomgol (All-Russian Committee for Aid the Famine) in August 1921. Pomgol, created in connection with the famine in the Volga region, was approved by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on June 21, 1921. consisting of 63 people, including representatives of the government (Kamenev, Rykov, etc.), agricultural specialists and prominent public figures (Korolenko, Gorky, Stanislavsky, etc.). He deployed the work quickly and efficiently. “A few days were enough for trains of potatoes, tons of rye, carts of vegetables to go to the hungry provinces ... money flowed to the cashier of the public committee from everywhere, which they did not want to give to the official committee ... authority ... saved a million doomed to a terrible death, "wrote later M. Osorgin, one of the most active workers of the Committee. Pomgol's authority helped attract large-scale aid from abroad: at the end of August 1921, food supply agreements were signed with Nansen's aid organization and with Hoover's American organization, the famous ARA, whose packages have since been remembered by many in Russia. Immediately after these agreements, on August 26, V.I. Lenin writes a letter to "Stalin and all members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b)" with a demand and a detailed program for the dissolution of Pomgol and repression of its members. The next day, August 27, the Committee was dispersed and its members (minus the Communists and several celebrities) were arrested. Most of them, after a short imprisonment, were exiled, and many then ended up in the lists of those expelled from the country.

The episode is expressive and important. It was during this period that Pitirim Sorokin, a man with a brilliant talent as a sociologist, with hope developed his "Anglo-Saxon model": loyally resigning himself to the impossibility of political freedom in the country, he still tried to find some kind of field for social forces and thought that such the sphere of various non-political initiative can become - culture, church, charity ... (He considered special attention to this sphere typical for England). The defeat of Pomgol was also an answer to the question about the prospects of the "Anglo-Saxon model". It has been said more than once about the Stalinist terror that there are elements of logic in its devilry, and one of the main ones is this: the blows were directed rather at contacts, connections, circles, rather than at certain individuals. Their goal was not so much murder (although it is, of course), as the destruction of human ties, the destruction of the normal social fabric, environment. In short - the destruction of society. It is precisely this logic that clearly emerges even in the defeat of Pomgol. Such a strategy has long been practiced in relation to the criminal environment or to the conquered people - during especially cruel conquests (the Mongols, for example, did not carry out it). But why did this happen in Russia? The answer is not so difficult, but it would take us away from the topic of the article. So let's leave the theory behind.

Of course, the situation in the spheres of religion and ideology was directly related to the impending expulsion. At the center of church affairs in 1922 were circumstances also associated with the famine in the Volga region: the seizure of church values ​​and the consequences of this operation. Although there is still no reliable reconstruction of the entire episode, the outline of the main facts is quite reliable. The starting point is the following conflict: by the message of Patriarch Tikhon dated 19II.1922, the church, on its own initiative, allows “to donate precious church jewelry and items that do not have liturgical use for the needs of the hungry”; this is followed by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 23.II.1922, prescribing the administrative seizure of valuables in addition to church authorities and without distinction between consecrated and non-consecrated objects; in a new epistle of 28.II.1922, the Patriarch calls such a measure "an act of sacrilege." Then, throughout the country, the confiscation of valuables from churches takes place, which is accompanied in some places by clashes and almost everywhere - by arrests. The final stage is an extensive series of processes; in one of the largest, Petrograd, - 86 accused, of whom four were shot, including the Petrograd Metropolitan Benjamin. The tasks of the government in the entire operation are formulated by Lenin's letter to the members of the Politburo dated 19 March 1922, which, in particular, says: “The confiscation of valuables ... must be carried out with merciless decisiveness ... The more representatives of the reactionary bourgeoisie and reactionary clergy we succeed on this occasion shoot, so much the better. It is now necessary to teach this audience a lesson so that for several decades they would not dare to think about any resistance. " So, the strategic goal is to defeat church circles, including the active layers of the laity. The main measures against them were of a different kind, but nevertheless there will be a certain group of "churchmen" among those subjected to deportation.

The situation in philosophy had its own specifics, which makes it possible to understand why it was precisely the philosophers, a small stratum and hardly noticeable in ordinary life, who found themselves at the center of a large state event. Throughout the pre-revolutionary years, philosophy in Russia has been developing with amazing activity and reaches an unprecedented level. For the first time, we are creating a distinctive metaphysics that reflects on the historical, religious, cultural experience of Russian life. Its beginnings were already among the Slavophiles, but now, in the writings of the followers of Vl. Solovyov, this is a mature philosophical trend, noticeable and important on a global scale. Alongside this trend, others developed in common with Western thought; and in general, there has never been such a rich philosophical life, such a circle of great thinkers in Russia. Berdyaev, Florensky, Bulgakov, E. Trubetskoy, Viach. Ivanov, Shestov, Novgorodtsev, Struve, Frank, Lossky, Shpet were already prominent philosophers during the revolution; a number of others have successfully entered philosophy - Ilyin, Karsavin, Stepun, Losev ... - it is impossible to name all of them. The idea was expressed that philosophy already outweighs in Russian culture, and not writers, but philosophers, would become spiritual leaders, rulers of the nation's thoughts.

After the revolution, some of the prominent philosophers (Shestov, Novgorodtsev, Struve, etc.) ended up in emigration, but a much predominant part remained in their homeland. For almost everyone, this time, in spite of the disorder and hardship, is associated with intense creativity. Much is being written and, although far from everything is published, many important works are published: the large final works of E. Trubetskoy "The Meaning of Life" and P. Novgorodtsev "On the Social Ideal", the innovative work of I. Ilyin about Hegel, "The Soul of Russia "Berdyaev, the first books of Karsavin and the last articles of Rozanov, including" The Apocalypse of Our Time "... Creative activity was accompanied by organizational activity. Attempts to organize associations and societies, the publication of magazines, collections, almanacs did not stop. The spread of this activity to the provinces, awakened by turbulent times, and often had good cultural traditions, was quite characteristic. In 1921-22. there are Philosophical Societies - Petrogradskoe, Kiev, Kostroma, Donskoe; Saratov Philosophical and Historical Society, Moscow Psychological Society, Free Philosophical Association (Wolfila) in Petrograd and Moscow, Free Academy of Spiritual Culture in Moscow, etc. And, of course, in these associations, in addition to traditional topics of metaphysics, burning themes of our time: about the meaning of war and revolution, about the ways of Russia.

“The situation began to change in the spring of 1922,” Berdyaev wrote later in his memoirs. In the light of what has been said, we agree with him, specifying that the changes only meant the approach of a denouement in the chain of events leading to philosophical steamers. The general direction of these events was outlined earlier: for example, in Petrograd, according to N.O. Lossky, already "in the fall of 1921 ... the Department of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University was completely destroyed." The spring of 1922 was the beginning of a broad ideological offensive, which sharply toughened the atmosphere of cultural life. This ideological campaign is the first example of those that have taken place in many of us in the following decades. Of course, malice and rudeness were innate virtues of the Soviet press, but now they have expanded the range of targets again. A long stage of the construction and destruction of enemies opens according to a scheme very familiar today: you take something ordinary, simple, a thought, a book, a person - and it turns into a frightening phantom, and a sabbath around the phantom is ruled - under the strict guidance of Instances. The classic scheme was worked out just on the figures planned for deportation. This is how the exiled Petrograd journalist recalled later this time: “Today - on the 'godless front' the philosopher N.O. Lossky was abused, tomorrow - on the 'economic front' B.D. Brutskus, the day after tomorrow - on the "ideological and journalistic" of AS Izgoev or A.B. Petrishchev ... others; often they called for administrative punishments, and the prospect of expulsion was already inclined in the press and in the public. an article in Pravda on June 2 entitled “Dictatorship, where is your whip?" then the initiator and leader of the expulsion. theoretical organ "Under the Banner of Marxism", the tasks and line of which were determined by the articles of Trotsky in No. 1-2 (February) and Lenin in No. 3 (March). The last article, after criticizing the sociological works of Pitirim Sorokin, ends with the words that the working class should "politely send scientists like this author to countries of bourgeois" democracy ". That was the first warning of the impending action from the top management.

Hence, it should be assumed that then, in March, the principal decision on the action had already been made. However, there are no documents about such a decision, or exact information about when it was made, on whose initiative, etc. - today we do not know. The spring terms of the decision are confirmed by a letter from Gorky to E.D. Kuskova from June 30, 1922: as there reported, Gorky, although he was in Germany, but already "in April knew that all the members of the Committee (Pomgol - S.Kh.) had been decided to" evict "from Russia." As for the author of the idea, we do not know him - and the loss in that for history is not great. Three of the main leaders of the country were involved in the event - Lenin, Trotsky, Zinoviev - and, judging by all the materials, here they were in solidarity with each other. Trotsky's role is apparently minimal: he only owns an interview article that came out just before the deportation and stated that the expulsion of scientists was an act of "prudent humanity" towards them, so that they would not have to be shot in the event of an external conflict. (But it is possible that he is also the author of the article "Dictatorship, where is your whip?": Such is the family tradition in the family of the hero of the article, Yu.I. In "My Life", speaking in detail about the events of 1922, he does not even mention the expulsion (however, perhaps - in view of some parallel with his own fate). Zinoviev invested more participation in the operation, but it was, so to speak, not particularly intellectual. As we will see below, all responsibility and command, all general and operational principles of expulsion belong to Lenin. None of the exiles was able to figure this out: they all confidently assign the main role to Trotsky and Zinoviev.

In the spring of 1922, the practical preparation of the operation was actively developed. The described ideological campaign was supposed to prepare the consciousness of the public, so that the announcement of the expulsion would be its natural conclusion. This message, made in Pravda on August 31, 1922, under the heading "The First Warning", shone with a complete lack of factual information: there are no names of those expelled or their number; but on the other hand, it set a firm ideological line - it was pointed out that the deportees were “ideological Wrangel and Kolchakites”, “the most active counterrevolutionary elements” who “offered stubborn resistance to Soviet power at every step”; and it was also noted that "there are almost no major scientific names among those exiled." The truth of the first statement is already clear to the reader, the truth of the second he will be able to verify by the information given below ... In addition to training the masses, a certain instruction from the party circles was also required. It was held by the XII All-Russian Conference of the RCP (b), which took place from 4 to 7 August 1922. At it, Zinoviev's report was heard and a resolution on anti-Soviet parties and trends was adopted, which, in particular, said: "You cannot refuse to use repressions ... in relation to the politicking elite of the pseudo-non-party bourgeois-democratic intelligentsia." Further, it was necessary to bring the legal basis to an unusual measure - however, this aspect was clearly not considered important. The final decision arose already at the last stages, and we will talk about it below. In the first place, as always in party work, was the human factor: whom to expel?

Both the principles and the practical process, the technology for selecting the expelled are clearly defined by the central document of the entire operation - Lenin's secret letter to Dzerzhinsky dated May 19, 1922. The author immediately goes to the point, as if continuing a topic well known to both - and formulates “such preparation measures.

To convene a meeting of Messing, Mantsev (heads of the GPU in Petrograd and Moscow - S.Kh.) and someone else in Moscow.

To oblige members of the Politburo to devote 2-3 hours a week to look through a number of publications and books ... seeking to send all non-communist publications to Moscow without delay.

Add reviews of a number of communist writers (names follow - S.X.).

Collect systematic information about the political experience, work and literary activities of professors and writers.

To entrust all this to an intelligent, educated and neat person in the GPU. "

The program is thus completely clear. It is planned to collect a dossier on the widest circle of "professors and writers" - and especially, at the level of the Politburo, to consider all those involved in non-communist publications. In the course of work, its participants select candidates for expulsion from the screened contingent. “An intelligent man in the GPU” (it seems that Yakov Agranov will become such) prepares a consolidated list based on all the materials. The letter ends with a specific example: reviews of the magazines Novaya Rossiya and The Economist, with the conclusion that from the employees of the first candidate for expulsion - “not all”, from the second - “almost all”. The new measure was supposed to be made regular: "We must arrange things in such a way that these 'military spies' are caught and caught constantly and systematically and sent abroad."

Some details of the fulfillment of Lenin's plan are drawn by N.M. Volkovysky. “It was probably in July. One day a talented poetess, a mischievous woman, chaotic, both with a religious and communist bias, comes running to me in the House of Writers. He locks the doors and, mysteriously and excitedly, says: “Think, an idiot is just catching me (he names the name of a completely ignorant person who edited a Soviet theater magazine) and asks me on the go if I can tell him in a nutshell what trends exist in modern Russian literature? I ask why he needs this, and he answers me in a completely helpless tone that he was ordered from “Smolny” to prepare a “certificate” with directions and names ... literary issues, and even with names! "And she left as swiftly as she came." there was a lot of accident, nonsense, arbitrariness. In the article of one of those sent we read: "One might think that the proscription lists were not compiled in the bowels of the GPU, for such persons were arrested, about whom, with all the careful observation, there could be no incriminating data." Here is an illustration to this, all from the same N.M. Volkovysky: “The most respectable and humble teacher of mathematics, S.I.Polner, with whom I spent a week in the same cell of the GPU ... that they are being sent. He did not understand in this, the quietest man in the world, a passionate chess player ... and in those few years for which fate kept him alive in exile. "

But all these, of course, are "second-order effects," as the physicist would say. All the main principles of the Leninist plan were clearly implemented; in the sphere of repression, our plans were generally carried out successfully. During the period of Lenin's illness (which lasted from late May to early October), work on the operation was continued by a commission consisting of I. Unshlikht, D. Kurskiy and L. Kamenev, appointed by the Politburo on June 8. Its activities were closely linked with the work of another commission appointed at the same time, consisting of the same Unshlikht (deputy chairman of the GPU) and V. Yakovleva: if the first commission dealt with professors, then the second - with students, having the task of "filtering" them, shortening the category "with non-proletarian origin ”and introduce“ evidence of political trustworthiness ”; individual students were also honored with expulsion. Taken together, all this meant a major purge of higher education and placing it under the strict control of the party and the GPU. (It can be added in connection with the latter that the same meeting on June 8 also introduced a rule on the compulsory permission of the GPU for holding scientific meetings and congresses.) All these measures required a longer time, but in the part related to expulsion, the main preparation was completed in during the summer. On the night of August 16-17, arrests of the designated figures of science and culture were made everywhere in large cities.

Our story now turns to statistics and factual expulsion; but a general comment is needed first. Those expelled from their fatherland were highly educated people and wrote a lot about their expulsion; émigré journalists wrote a lot about her. These rich materials are quite in agreement with each other in covering the main events and fundamental points, but godlessly diverge in factual details - dates, lists of names. The reasons for this are not only the lack of publicity and the atmosphere of rumors. The episode, called the "expulsion of scientists", hardly has precise boundaries. These are two central events, "philosophical ships" from Petrograd to Stettin, but, besides them, there is also an unclear number of small parties from Odessa, and possibly other places: for example, in September a group of professors was expelled from Odessa to Constantinople, in October - a group of 12 professors in Varna, there are reports about a group of people deported from Kiev. These peripheral expulsions reflect the independence of the Soviet republics: in Georgia, Belarus, Ukraine, the action was carried out to a certain extent independently. In Belarus, on September 7, the local Central Committee decides to expel social science professors. In Georgia, 62 leaders of the Social Democratic movement are expelled, they leave for the West in January 1923. The operation in Ukraine is difficult: here, as partly in Russia, deportation is combined with exile. Already on September 7, according to a letter to the center of the secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U.D. Lebed, 70 people were "confiscated" here, who were subjected to part of the expulsion, and part of the link to the North; but the exact distribution of these two parts is unknown. In all likelihood, the number of those deported from these seventy includes the two parties mentioned above from Odessa. Extensive and unceasing repressions against the Ukrainian intelligentsia are known, but the expulsion did not reach the scale here: in November 1922, the decision of the local Central Committee recognized this measure as inexpedient, because it led to an increase in emigration ... the expulsion of the philosopher G.G. Shpet, individual economists), sometimes it was postponed for various reasons. Therefore, general expulsions were followed by a number of individual "dispatches". Already 3 weeks after the expulsion of the Petersburgers, the writer V.Ya. Iretsky. At the beginning of 1923, the dean of the medical faculty of Kazan University, psychiatrist G.Ya. Troshin, editor of "The Economist" D.A. Lutokhin, one of the organizers of the student Christian movement V.F. Martsinkovsky and V.F. Bulgakov, the last secretary of Leo Tolstoy; at the end of 1922, Fr. Sergiy Bulgakov. The Moscow investigator who was involved in the expulsion of three leaders of "free Christianity", V.F. Martsinkovsky, V.F. Bulgakov and V.G. Chertkov (then, nevertheless, left at home), said during interrogation to the first of them: "This is your last troika ... We will not send them abroad anymore." However, individual deportations, apparently, were occasionally committed and later - up to the departure in 1931 of E.I. Zamyatin (whose expulsion was supposed to be in 1922, but was canceled).

This uncertainty of boundaries also leads to uncertainty in the total number of those deported. The main digital data on the expulsion are as follows: the first philosophical steamer, "Oberburgomister Haken", brought to Stettin on September 30, 30 (or 33?) Expelled from Moscow and Kazan, with their families - about 70 people; "Prussia" on November 18 delivered 17 deportees from Petrograd, with their families - 44 people. On November 27, the general meeting of the deportees stated that the group of exiles in Berlin numbers "33 Muscovites and provincials and 17 Petersburgers, with about 115 families with their families." This is the well-known core of the exiled, but the information about their total number is extremely contradictory. Volkovysky and Khariton talk about the "group of 60"; Lutokhin writes that “on the same night I and 161 other people were arrested”; the figure of 160 people also flashes in Soviet publications; "Rul" in an unsigned "detailed factual certificate of the circumstances of the expulsion" claims that there was "a decision to expel 192 representatives of the professors and the intelligentsia from Russia." Since neither sources nor principles of calculation are reported in any case, we can only say that the Volkovysky-Khariton figure is deliberately underestimated, while the rest, apparently, are still overestimated.

The geography of the operation is as follows: in addition to the two capitals, there is information about those deported from Kazan, Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod and Yalta; this list may not be complete. But, of course, sociology, professional composition and the level of the group of exiles are more important than geography. The 77 names I analyzed (I did not consider those of whose expulsion I did not have accurate confirmation) are distributed as follows:

Economists, agronomists, cooperators - 23

Philosophers, sociologists, legal scholars -13

Professors of natural and technical sciences -13

Journalists and writers - 11

Historians - 6

Religious leaders - 6

Medics - 5

We list those included in this list, following this division.

1) B.D. Brutskus, L.M. Pumpyansky, A.I. Ugrimov, A.S. Kagan, N.P. Romodanovsky, V.S. Ozeretskovsky, V.M. Kudryavtsev, V.V. Zvorykin, N.N. Bakal, A.A. Bulatov, I.I. Lyubimov, I.I. Matveev, A.V. Peshekhonov, S.E. Trubetskoy, V.D. Golovachev, M.D. Shishkin, A.F. Izyumov, K.E. Hraniewicz, F.L. Pyasetsky, B.N. Odintsov, I.I. Lodyzhensky, P.A. Velikhov, S.N. Postnikov.

2) N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, N.O. Lossky, S.L. Frank, L.P. Karsavin, I.A. Ilyin, F.A. Stepun, I.I. Lapshin, P.A. Sorokin, A.A. Bogolepov, A.S. Mumokin, P.A. Mikhailov, M.S. Feld.

3) M.M. Novikov, E.L. Zubashev and V.I. Yasinsky, D.F. Selivanov, S.I. Polner, V.V. Stratonov, N.P. Kozlov, I.M. Yushtim, B.P. Babkin, G.A. Sekachev, N.P. Kasterin, S.L. Sobol, I.V. Maloletenkov.

4) A.S. Izgoev, Yu.I. Eichenwald, M.A. Osorgin, V.A. Rosenberg, N.M. Volkovyskiy, B.O. Khariton, V. Ya. Iretsky, D.A. Lutokhin, V.F. Bulgakov, A.B. Petrishchev, I.M. Matusevich.

5) A.A. Kizevetter, S.P. Melgunov, V.A. Myakotin, A.V. Florovsky, F.G. Alexandrov, E.P. Trefiliev.

6) V.V. Abrikosov, D.V. Kuzmin-Karavaev, A.D. Arbuzov, A.A. Ovchinnikov, I.A. Tsvetkov, V.F. Martsinkovsky.

7) G. Ya. Troshin, G.L. Dobrovolsky, A. f. Duvan-Khadzhi, A.P. Samarin, D.D. Krylov.

The greatest cultural weight and significance is, of course, a group of philosophers. This is the basis of Russian thought of our century, including figures of a world scale. Many glorious names adjoin them. P. Sorokin became a famous sociologist abroad, the founder of his school; V.N. Lossky, who left with his father, became an outstanding Orthodox theologian, whose books are considered classics in the West - alas, in our country, they are almost unknown. Major historians were exiled by A.A. Kizevetter, S.P. Melgunov, A.V. Florovsky. A.S. enjoyed fame and authority. Izgoev is a prominent publicist, one of the authors of Vekhi (among those sent, by the way, 4 out of 7 authors of this collection!) And literary critic Julius Eichenwald; M. Osorgin entered literature with success, formerly a better-known journalist, and then becoming an excellent prose writer.

More than half of the expelled (members of the first, third and last groups) worked in areas related to economic and practical life, and in the post-war reconstruction of the country their activity was especially necessary. As anticipated by the expulsion plan, most of these were prominent members of the professorship, and many of them played an important role in the scientific community. IN AND. Yasinsky was a very famous railroad worker, chairman of the House of Scientists in Moscow. MM. Novikov, a prominent, broad-minded biologist (his philosophical works are mentioned in the "History of Russian Philosophy" by N.O. Lossky), was the last elected rector of Moscow University. Lawyer A.A. Bogolepov and soil scientist B.N. Odintsov were vice-rectors of St. Petersburg University, E.L. Zubashev - Director of the Tomsk Technological Institute, A.I. Ugrimov was the chairman of the Agricultural Society, an active figure in Pomgol. A number of other exiles were also associated with Pomgol - the chairman of his student section D.V. Golovachev, already mentioned by M.A. Osorgin and V.F. Bulgakov; its leaders, E.D. Kuskov and S.O. Prokopovich, were expelled even earlier, in June. Of course, "almost the entire" circle of the "Economist" magazine was also sent: to him, in addition to the aforementioned P.A. Sorokin, D.A. Lutokhin and E.L. Zubashev also belonged to B.D. Brutskus, L.M. Pumpyansky, A.S. Kagan. A very heavy blow was dealt to the cooperative movement: no less than 10 of its leaders were expelled. The obvious comparison of this fact with Lenin's praise of the "system of civilized cooperators" was made immediately - by the exiled historian V.A. Myakotin in the Berlin Rul.

Such is the cursory panorama of expulsion in dry sociological data. It remains for us to tell how it looked in life, and what events unfolded after the arrest of future exiles. Fate has left us a valuable opportunity; today we can still hear living oral testimony of this.

“It was still a surprise. During the winter they got out of the habit of searches, of night knocking. Something seemed to have changed. Do not forget that Nikolai Aleksandrovich Berdyaev read his lectures then, and Florensky gave his lectures ... It seemed that a normal life was beginning. And why should they suddenly expel us into this normal life? It was nonsense, it was a question.

And how did Alexander Ivanovich explain to himself the reasons for the expulsion?

Do you think he explained? It was inexplicable. We thought it was a misunderstanding ... "

This is how Vera Aleksandrovna Reshchikova, the daughter of Aleksandr Ivanovich Ugrimov and the passenger of the first philosophical ship, recalls, talking with us at home in Moscow. The Ugrimovs are from the indigenous inhabitants of the Arbat professorial Moscow. In those years they lived in one of the mansions on Sivtsev Vrazhek, and I wondered more than once whether the colleague of Professor Ugrimov on Pomgol, a colleague in the exile tests Mikhail Osorgin, did not remember them when he was writing his "Sivtsev Vrazhek", drawing lovingly the mansion, the old professor and his Tanyusha, the same age as Vera Alexandrovna? (Thinking - thinking - but did not try to find out - is it necessary?) Like Osorginsky heroes, they are aloof from politics, although not at all aloof from life and service to the motherland. The politician’s eyes could catch the course of events when it was outlined - almost a year before the expulsion. In the spring the philosopher Berdyaev discerned this move. The Ugrimovs - with confidence hoped for a "normal life" until the last day. What is it! to this day, the deportation and Pomgol do not unite in the minds of our mistress and, contrary to my arguments, the idea of ​​power, for which helping the dying is a crime, does not enter into this consciousness. How the next generations of Russians have grown in breadth of concepts!

As expected, the arrest of each of the deportees was followed by interrogation and presentation of charges. The interrogation, which was standard for everyone, consisted only of a number of general questions: attitude to Soviet power, to emigration, views on the tasks of the intelligentsia, etc. (however, different authors from those sent give a not quite the same list of questions). Then they were charged under Article 57 of the Criminal Code: counter-revolutionary activities during a particularly difficult situation in the country. After that, the decision of the fate was announced: the accused signed a paper on administrative expulsion abroad by order of the GPU collegium. The term was not specified in it, but it was verbally reported right there that the expulsion would be for life. And finally, they gave a notice for signature that returning to the country without permission would be punishable by firing squad. It is clear that in this legal procedure the ends did not meet at all. The charge under the article involved a court verdict, not an administrative expulsion; the basis for the expulsion was not the criminal code, but the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, adopted “at the last minute,” on August 10, 1922, and providing for a period of only up to three years. It is understandable, however, that these discrepancies in no one’s eyes did not even have a shadow of meaning. Almost none of the exiles writes about them, but everyone remembered the paper about the execution very much. This impressive detail is a direct instruction from Lenin: “execution for unauthorized return from abroad” is one of the additions to the criminal code he formulated in May.

The exiled people, of course, accepted their fate in different ways. Recently, the Slovo magazine reprinted here some album-style recordings made by exiled Petersburgers during their voyage on the Prussia. There, immediately after leaving, almost everyone is dominated by one thing: the longing of parting with their homeland. But this is a special moment, and not so many of those sent are represented there. In general, the range of sentiments is very wide. After conversations on this topic with many comrades, N. Volkovyskiy wrote: “The attitude to separation from the homeland was different. Some, including myself, did not want to leave, it seemed to us that the most terrible years had already been experienced ... Some of us were not happy about the deportation, others accepted it with enthusiasm ... ”. This is how Prince Sergei Evgenievich Trubetskoy felt and thought before leaving - truly, the only one of all who was actively involved in the anti-Bolshevik struggle: “Since I can’t do anything here, all that remains is to run away from here, run, run faster and not see ... Get out, get out of here ! “Now it was clear to me and I was only afraid that suddenly something would prevent us from leaving”. The Moscow writer Iosif Matusevich is not so far from him: “Everyone would consider leaving the Soviet Eden as salvation. We were frankly envied. " But Berdyaev, however, writes: “When they told me that I was being expelled, I felt melancholy. I didn't want to emigrate. " The philosophers who built the original Russian metaphysics were connected with their homeland not only with life, but also with thought, the very sources of their creativity. The strongest of all this deep, even mystical, if you will, connection makes itself felt with Father Sergiy Bulgakov. He sailed into exile on an Italian steamer sailing from Sevastopol to Constantinople, and wrote in his diary as follows: "I must not, I cannot and never want to give up my homeland, and, therefore, I am dying for the rest of my life." And in conclusion of this series of evidence, let us return again to the Ugrimovs. We already guess how we received the news at Sivtsev Vrazhka, don't we?

“- I don’t know a person who would say:“ Thank God! We're glad!" It was a disaster for us. Departure is a grief. But only we were convinced that we would be back in a year. We had a prayer service at home just before we left. And when the prayer service was over, dad, I remember now, got up and said, crossing himself: "Well, we'll be back in a year!" He was absolutely sure of that. "

In Moscow and in St. Petersburg, the deportees were treated differently. In the northern capital, which was nicknamed at that time "the estate of Grishka the Third" (Otrepiev - Rasputin - Zinoviev), everyone was imprisoned and kept there in order: "from 40 to 68 days," as the exiles themselves meticulously calculated later. In Moscow, they were almost never kept in prison, they treated the Chekist politeness: the Dzerzhinsky style. Previously, preparations were also completed. At first, the GPU was going to receive documents for entry into Germany at its own request and at once for everyone; but this, however, did not work out. “Chancellor Wirth replied,” writes N.O. Lossky, - that Germany is not Siberia and it is impossible to exile Russian citizens into it, but if Russian scientists and writers themselves apply for a visa, Germany will willingly show them hospitality. " So, the expelled people themselves, or rather, the elected from the groups, who in Moscow were called elders in Russian, in the revolutionary city of St. Petersburg - delegates, were engaged in arranging visas. The elders were A.I. Ugrimov and V.I. Yasinsky, delegates - N.M. Volkovyskiy and N.O. Lossky. Their mission was also the arrangement of other departing affairs, mainly, efforts to mitigate more than Spartan norms for exported belongings: one sheet, one suit, two shirts were allowed per person ... according to M. Osorgin, “it was not allowed to take out a single written pieces of paper and not a single book. "

The departure has begun. The last detail that Vera Alexandrovna remembered in Petrograd was a company of soldiers passing with a song along the embankment. “My mother and I burst into tears:“ These are Russian soldiers - not the ones who come with a search! ”" N.O. Lossky left with his mother-in-law, the headmistress of a women's gymnasium known in St. Petersburg; A curling multicolored ribbon stretched across the audience, like a brood of goose, hundreds and a half young, excited from the chill, from the excitement of women's faces. Students, pupils of the Stoyunin gymnasium, came to say goodbye to Maria Nikolaevna. "After so many years of war, hunger, terror - one and a half hundred former gymnasium students What detail will tell us more about the fact that there was once a Russian enlightenment, a Russian gymnasium ?! In a recent interview, Academician D.S. the event will be instructive and memorable for them. ”In Moscow, university students presented SL Frank with a farewell address, which said:“ Your philosophizing, your ideal ... will always shine on us ... B let us believe that the time will come when we will be able to work with you again, dear Semyon Lyudvigovich ... ". When the steamer with Muscovites passed Kronstadt, Vera Aleksandrovna recalls again, several boats with sailors approached it. They marveled, regretted: you are all Russians here, where are you, how? And they waved after their peakless caps for a long time ...

Three days of sailing passed on both ships without incident. At the "Oberburgomister Haken" N.A. Berdyaev “in a wide-brimmed hat with black curls, with a thick stick in his hand and in sparkling galoshes, walked with S.L. Frank. " They celebrated the name day in the sea, Vera - Nadezhda - Lyubov - Sofia, and on this occasion M. Osorgin “spoke an ornate speech in honor of all the birthday girls. “We have wisdom (Sophia), Vera, Nadezhda, but no - Love, Love remained there ... in Russia!” ”Readers know him: Mikhail Andreevich sinned a little sentimentality ... The story of VA Reshchikova: "As the disembarkation approaches, the professors arrange a meeting: how to react to the anticipated enthusiasm. Patriotic moods: we will be restrained. We are sailing to Stettin ... Nikolai Aleksandrovich goes on deck and says:" Something no one not visible there. " Nobody here. Not a soul. " S.E. Trubetskoy coolly clarifies: "There were several plump Germans with fat, beer-filled bellies on the pier." No one met the arrivals in Berlin, only one representative of the German Red Cross. Placed in small hotels, boarding houses. “There was a smell of gas and a smell of Sauerkraut (sauerkraut -C.X.). And then I went to bed and cried a lot. "

First impressions are not always correct. The emigration, of course, took care of the expulsion. The unprecedented event took her slightly by surprise - but by the time the Prussia arrived, there were meetings and speeches, and meetings and receptions in honor of the deportees, in the current expression, were a jamb. For all that, the attitude towards the group was extremely different in different emigre strata. The reader of the main émigré newspapers of that time, the Cadet "Rul" and the Socialist-Revolutionary "Days", finds a picture of complete solidarity and sympathy for the newcomers; "Rul" calls the editorial about the expulsion "A generous gift" and says about the meaning of the event: "there would be no happiness, but misfortune helped." It was different among the emigre mass, where many rejected Russia with the Bolsheviks, gave up on it and often had the wildest notions of what was happening there. As Vera Aleksandrovna recalls, those who arrived were only amazed, hearing in passing both from the capital's aristocracy and from the "army thick" statements in the spirit: "But are you all drunk there?" Among the youth, the peers who arrived met the only narrow stratum with a lively attitude and interest in Russia: the early Eurasians (who were not the same as the later Eurasians, who were engaged in pro-Belshevik activities). Berdyaev also had similar impressions: “Most of the emigration greeted the group of exiles with suspicion and hostility. There were even those who allowed themselves to say that they were not deported, but sent for the disintegration of the emigration. "

The version that Berdyaev referred to the message here was in fact in circulation. It was born as a result of an original symbiosis, a combination of the efforts of the pro-Bolshevik press and the ultra-right circles, who then, as now, were busy exposing world Jew-masonry. In the well-known Berlin newspaper Nakanune, controlled from Moscow, shortly after the expulsion, there was a duck about “run money”, amounts allegedly received by the exiled from the Soviet government. The lie was immediately refuted in other newspapers, with an accurate description of all the financial circumstances of the expulsion; but, in spite of the refutation, it was readily taken up by the ultra-right émigrés, who supplemented and enriched it. The writer M. Artsybashev, a well-known champion of eroticism and patriotism, calls the arrivals "half-exiled, half-exiled, half-sent." And a little later V.F. Ivanov, in his essay "The Orthodox World and Freemasonry" (Harbin, 1935), already manages to get to the bottom of the truth completely. As we learn from here, there is "irrefutable evidence" that the exiled were not at all half-sent, but "simply sent (author's italics - S. Kh.) From the USSR with the special purpose of causing a split in the Russian Orthodox Church abroad and extinguishing the strong the rise of religious feeling, and at the same time extinguish the national-patriotic mood. It turns out that the initiator of the deportation was none other than the brother of Gersh Apfelbaum (Zinoviev), who was associated with the 'expelled' community of interests and goals due to their joint belonging to world Freemasonry. ”Comments are unnecessary.

However, at that time, the creative forces of both the emigration and the group that arrived were still too great for the Black Hundred stupidity and KGB provocation, even when united, could undermine them. In a matter of days and weeks in Russian Berlin, religious, philosophical and scientific work unfolded on a grand scale. Petersburgers arrive here on Sunday 19 November; and the next Sunday, the 26th, the solemn opening of the Religious-Philosophical Academy takes place with speeches by Berdyaev, Karsavin, Frank. In February 1923, the Russian Scientific Institute began work in Berlin, a large educational institution with a number of departments. Thinking, religiously-minded youth gathers around the philosophers, circles are formed, and, according to the Russian tradition, our thinkers act not only as carriers of school science, but also as spiritual mentors. And with the transfer of the center of emigrant activity to Paris, the exiles become the head of two, perhaps, the most important spiritual undertakings of emigration: N.A. Berdyaev is in charge of the philosophical journal "Put", which has been published for 15 years, from 1925 to 1940, S.N. Bulgakov from 1925 until his death in 1944 was the permanent dean of the Orthodox Theological Institute named after St. Sergius. Do not count everything done by the exiles, and there is no need now, because even so there is no doubt: the expulsion of scientists is a truly generous gift to the Russian diaspora.

Unfortunately, however, the generous donors disposed of what did not belong to them; and their wide gift remained an irreplaceable loss for the national culture. With the expulsion ended philosophy in Russia; and what has since been called by this name is in reality only one of the services of the totalitarian machine. Some representatives of Russian thought left behind in their homeland — Florensky, Shpet, Losev, Bakhtin — were destroyed or persecuted, having lived their whole lives under a lead press. We have already discussed broader social implications. The expulsion of scientists is a vivid example of the notorious negative selection, which is being pondered a lot now, trying to comprehend the origins and mechanism of today's threatening degradation of society and man. Having selected not criminals, not enemies, but thinkers of their own people, the rulers put them on a ship - a ship of wise men, a classic plot reversed! - and sent to a foreign land. And another ship sailed back from that land a little later. August 1, 1923 from the steamer "Silesia" in Petrograd landed "milestones" - A.V. Bobrischev-Pushkin, I.M. Vasilevsky, who immediately published the two-volume Romanovs with the dirtiest gossip about the Russian tsars, and A.N. Tolstoy, in whom the gift of writing was combined with absolute civic cynicism. What could all this have achieved? Only what they achieved: the fall of the moral and spiritual level of society. Break of the conciliar work of national self-concept. And when today we hardly try to return to this work, we immediately see how important it is for us to return the passengers of the philosophical steamer to their homeland.

On September 29, 1922, the steamer "Oberburgomister Haken" departed from the Petrograd berth, on November 16 - "Prussia", on September 19 - the steamer moored from Odessa, on December 18 - the Italian steamer "Zhanna" from Sevastopol. With the light hand of the famous physicist and philosopher Sergei Khoruzhego, sea-going ships, like trains going abroad, entered History under the collective image of a philosophical steamer.

Article by L.D. Trotsky's "Dictatorship, where is your whip?"

He took away the future of Russia to a foreign land.

This special operation of the Soviet government took place under the personal control and at the direction of its leader, who gave the fatal order on May 19, 1922. Three days before he had his first stroke.

Comrade Dzerzhinsky!

On the question of the expulsion abroad of writers and professors helping the counter-revolution. We need to prepare this carefully. Without preparation, we will be stupid ...
All these are obvious counter-revolutionaries, accomplices of the Entente, the organization of its servants and spies and molesters of the student youth. It is necessary to arrange things in such a way as to catch these "military spies" and catch them constantly and systematically and send them abroad.
I ask you to show this secretly, without multiplying, to the members of the Politburo, with a return to you and me, and inform me of their reviews and your conclusion.
Lenin ".

What has Russia lost by issuing a one-way ticket to only a few dozen passengers? Rodina will remind you of some of them ...

ONE WAY TICKET

It is necessary to arrange things in such a way that these "military spies" can be caught and caught constantly and systematically and sent abroad. "

IN AND. Lenin

We expelled these people because there was no reason to shoot them, and it was impossible to endure. "

L. D. Trotsky

Steamship flights from Petrograd were not the only ones: deportations were also carried out on steamers from Odessa and Sevastopol and trains from Moscow to Latvia and Germany.

It was allowed to take on a person:

• two pairs of pants
• two pairs of socks
• two pairs of shoes
• Blazer
• pants
• coat
• hat

It was forbidden to take with you:

• money
• jewelry
• securities

197 people included a list of those expelled (67 from Moscow, 53 from Petrograd, 77 from Ukraine). Including:

• 69 scientific and pedagogical workers
• 43 doctors
• 34 students
• 29 writers and journalists
• 22 economists, agronomists and cooperators
• 47 politicians, scientists, writers, engineers, as well as members of their families (no less than 114 people in total) were expelled from Soviet Russia in the fall of 1922 on the steamers "Oberburgomister Haken" and "Prussia"

A total of 75 people were actually expelled from the country in 1922-1923 (35 scientists and educators, 19 writers and journalists, 12 economists, agronomists and cooperators, 4 engineers, 2 students, a politician, an employee and a priest). More than a third of them previously belonged to non-Bolshevik parties.

Steamers:

from Petrograd to Stettin (Germany):

Trains:

Religious and political philosopher, seven times nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature

What did he do before 1922

As a student of the Faculty of Science at the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, he was arrested for participating in the "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class" and exiled to Vologda. Here, as he later wrote, "I returned from the social teachings, which at one time was fond of, to my spiritual homeland, to philosophy, religion, art."

He actively participates in the public life of the Silver Age, becoming a regular at the literary associations of St. Petersburg, published in magazines and collections together with A. Blok, A. Bely, D. Merezhkovsky, V. Ivanov, L. Shestov, V. Bryusov. He publishes magazines himself, gathers like-minded people on Tuesdays for home "world outlook evenings".

Already at that time, his philosophical views attracted the attention of prominent contemporaries. V. Rozanov alone will write 14 articles about one of his books.

In the first years of Soviet power, taking advantage of the patronage of Lev Kamenev, he made an unexpected career: he became a member of the leadership of the Moscow Union of Writers and even led it for some time, founded the Free Academy of Philosophical Culture, and was elected a professor at Moscow University.

FIRST PERSON

Epochs so filled with events and changes are considered to be interesting and significant, but these are unfortunate and suffering epochs for individuals, for entire generations. History does not spare the human person and does not even notice it ...

There were too many events for the philosopher: I was imprisoned four times, twice in the old regime and twice in the new one, was exiled to the north for three years, had a trial that threatened me with eternal settlement in Siberia, was expelled from my homeland and, I will probably end my life in exile.

Reasons for expulsion

Having received a letter of protection from the Bolsheviks for an apartment, a library and his own life, nevertheless, he did not want to have anything to do with them: "Bolshevism is a rationalistic madness, a mania for the final regulation of life, based on an irrational popular element."

He went to prison twice, which he told about in his autobiographical notes "Self-knowledge":

"The first time I was arrested in 1920 in connection with the case of the so-called Tactical Center, to which I had no direct relation. But many of my good friends were arrested. As a result, there was a big trial, but I was not involved in it."

Berdyaev especially noted that during this arrest he was personally interrogated by Felix Dzerzhinsky and Vaclav Menzhinsky. And further:

"For some time I lived relatively calmly. The situation began to change in the spring of 22. An anti-religious front was formed, anti-religious persecution began. We spent the summer of 22 in the Zvenigorod district, in Barvikha, in a charming place on the banks of the Moskva River, near the Arkhangelsk Yusupovs, where Trotsky lived at that time ... Once I went to Moscow for one day. And it was on that night, the only night for the whole summer, when I spent the night in our Moscow apartment, they came to search and arrested me. I was again taken to the Cheka prison , renamed to Gepeu. I sat for about a week. I was invited to the investigator and said that I was being expelled from Soviet Russia abroad. They took a signature from me that if I appeared on the border of the USSR I would be shot ...

When they told me that I was being expelled, I felt melancholy. I didn’t want to emigrate, and I had a repulsion from emigration, with which I didn’t want to merge. But at the same time there was a feeling that I would find myself in a freer world and would be able to breathe freer air. I did not think that my exile would last 25 years. The departure was a lot of pain for me ... ".

What did you do abroad

He gained incredible popularity for his book "The New Middle Ages. Reflections on the Fate of Russia and Europe", instantly translated into many languages. He created the journal "Put", which was published before 1940 and published the most prominent representatives of European philosophy.

In his best book, The Russian Idea (1946), he formulated the hope that became his testament and support of the last days. Berdyaev hoped that a more just system would be created in post-Soviet Russia, and that it would be able to fulfill its intended mission - to become a unifier of the Eastern (religious) and Western (humanistic) beginnings of history.

In 1947, in Cambridge, he received the honorary title of Doctor honoris causa, awarded without defending a dissertation on the basis of significant services to world science and culture.

He spoke about his popularity with bitterness:

"I constantly hear that I have a" world name "... I am very famous in Europe and America, even in Asia and Australia, translated into many languages, they wrote a lot about me. There is only one country in which they hardly know me , - this is my homeland..."

He died in Clamart, near Paris, from a broken heart. Two weeks before his death, he completed the book "The Kingdom of the Spirit and the Kingdom of Caesar." Buried in Clamart, in the city cemetery Bois-Tardieu.

Reformer director, playwright, musician, artist

What did he do before 1922

“Evreinov, one might say, was born with a dream that turned into magic, into an ideological obsession about the theater, transforming life into something much more prominent and vibrant than life,” the poet Sergei Makovsky said about him.

He did not go to this dream for long. After graduating from the privileged Imperial School of Law in St. Petersburg, he became an official in the Chancellery of the Ministry of Railways with brilliant career prospects. But he decided to devote his life to creativity. In 1908, a three-volume edition of his dramatic works was published. And a year earlier, Evreinov created and headed a theater that has never existed in Russia - the Ancient Theater.

The task was set extraordinary: "We must study all<...>theatrical epochs, when the theater was in its prime, and practically implement them: then a rich set of stage techniques and skills will be formed, the effectiveness of which will be tested and which will form the basis of the new art of theater. "

Evreinov's creative quests were surprisingly consonant with the era of the Silver Age. Vasily Kamensky did not consider it an exaggeration to call him "a fiery philosopher-director-musician, spoiled by the crowd by theatrical Columbus." And another outstanding representative of his time, professor-linguist and theater expert B.V. Kazansky believed that the entire ideology of the new theater goes back to the theoretical research and creative experiments of Evreinov.

In the fall of 1920, Evreinov staged a massive revolutionary action "The Taking of the Winter Palace" on the third anniversary of October. It became the largest "mass spectacle" of the century. More than eight thousand extras, several hundred soldiers and sailors of the active army, many of whom took part in revolutionary events, took part in it.

FIRST PERSON

When I think about myself, about my life, I see a severed cloud and its lonely path. It is far from the earth, from people, and at the same time so close both to the earth and to people, because they created it! Indeed, often, when it is orange-hot, red, it seems that the fumes of human blood, sweat and human tears have formed this terrible mass! - that saturated with irritation, fatigue and grief, she must break someone, destroy, do something terrible. At other times - on the contrary! - it seems to be made of opals, mother-of-pearl, of moonstones, frivolous, beautiful, a little funny ...

Reasons for flight

Evreinov was not interned. He simply refused to maintain creative relations with the ideologues of Soviet art. And he took advantage of the fact that the authorities allowed - for a short time - their enemies to leave the country of their own free will. In the last article written shortly before his death, "There were four of us," Evreinov explained his choice:

"Because everything that used to please in our new theater and infect the leading theaters of Europe and America with its designs, became persecuted in the USSR as something alien - in the opinion of the" bosses "- to the Soviet public and distorting revolutionary reality, as well as incomprehensible with its" decadent currents to the "mass spectator".

What did you do abroad

In Paris, he staged opera performances at the famous Russian private opera M.N. Kuznetsova, created the Theater of Russian Drama, staged performances at the Vieux-Colombier Theater by J. Copo, organized the Association of Russian Artists. He directed opera and drama performances at the Prague National Theater, participated in the preparation of programs for emigrant miniature theaters - "The Bat" and "Wandering Comedians", taught Sorbonne students to reconstruct medieval theater performances. Theatrical ideas of Evreinov anticipated the theory and practice of the European theater of the 20th century, had a great impact on the work of the Nobel laureate Luigi Pirandello and Bertold Brecht.

He died in New York. Buried near Paris at the Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery.

Passengers of the Philosophical Steamer: Valentin BULGAKOV (1886-1966)

writer, educator, last secretary L.N. Tolstoy

What did he do before 1922

24-year-old Bulgakov spent next to Leo Tolstoy the most difficult, perhaps, year of his life. The daily notes of the secretary, yesterday's student, reflect in detail and meaningfully the inner world of the great writer, the torments that led to the tragic outcome. Alexander Kuprin responded to the publication of the first edition of the diaries: "The book is truly wonderful. It will be read and re-read for many years to come: it impartially and lovingly reflected the last days of our unforgettable Old Man."

Involvement in Tolstoy changed the purpose of life of Bulgakov himself.

After the death of the writer, he became one of the inspirers of the Society of True Freedom in the spirit of L. Tolstoy. This choice became fatal for him.

Reasons for expulsion

The GPU drew attention to the activities of the "Society ..." when about three million red fighters, former peasants, deserted from the fronts of the Civil War. Many of them professed Tolstoyism in its most accessible understanding: you cannot use force and weapons against your brothers. Soviet propaganda quickly created a terrifying image of the Tolstoyan demolitionist, a class enemy.

Here are just a few excerpts from the reports of a certain E.A. Tuchkov, an employee of the "organs": "Speaking in August 1920 at the Polytechnic Museum with a report" Leo Tolstoy and Karl Marx ", VF Bulgakov said that any socialism that promises heaven on earth is a fantasy devoid of any meaning"; "At a meeting of the Tolstoyans on December 25, 1920, speaking about the dispute with Lunacharsky, he said that now the gravitation of the people towards the teachings of Leo Tolstoy is becoming more and more obvious, and therefore one can think that the present violent government will be overthrown, since the people are beginning to wake up and see what road he got "; "On August 19 of this year, at a meeting of the Tolstoyans (Gazetny Lane, 12), V.F. Bulgakov spoke on the topic:" Down with the war and the shedding of brotherly blood "...

FIRST PERSON

There are times when it is a sin to be silent, when all the injustice, all the horror, all the madness of the life of the world reach extreme, incomprehensible proportions, destroying any possibility of silent observation and patience, when the gasp from a terrible nightmare rises to the throat and - I want to shout out loud! Then there is no need to be silent. And a sincere person will always say that silence at such a moment is a betrayal of the duty of a person and a Christian. We must shout: a person feels that otherwise he will lose self-respect. We must shout, without even thinking about the consequences of this shout: first - duty, and then everything else ...

What did you do abroad

He opened the Russian Cultural and Historical Museum in Zbraslav, a suburb of Prague. This event shook the entire Russian emigration. Bulgakov was sent the most valuable materials from France and Germany, Yugoslavia and China, the USA and other countries, where fate had thrown the exiles from Russia.

The result of his trips to France, Italy, the Baltic states was the replenishment of the museum's collection with invaluable works by Benoit, Goncharova, Korovin, Grigoriev, Vinogradov and other Russian artists, sculptors, architects.

In 1937, Bulgakov received the Continental Society Prize "New History in the United States" for his reflections on "How to achieve general disarmament." In 1938, at the suggestion of N.K. Roerich was elected an honorary member of the Flamma Culture Promotion League (Indiana, USA).

After the invasion of the fascist troops into the territory of the USSR, the German occupation authorities arrested Bulgakov and placed first in the Prague prison of Pankrats, and then in the concentration camp for internment in Bavaria. But even here he worked hard on the manuscript, the next book will be called Friends of Tolstoy.

In 1948, as it appears in Bulgakov's notebook, he sent “home” to the Soviet Union, “25 boxes with books, manuscripts, objects of Russian antiquity and more than 150 works of Russian artists: paintings by Repin, 15 paintings by Roerich, works by Bilibin, Dobuzhinsky ".

In the fall of 1948, he returned with his family to his homeland, where until the end of his life he worked as the chief curator of the museum-estate in Yasnaya Polyana. There was her master's last secretary and died at the age of eighty.

Philosopher, writer and publicist, enemy of Marxism and Bolshevism

What did he do before 1922

He graduated from high school with a gold medal, which made it possible to enter any university in Russia. He chose the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, received an excellent knowledge of law, which he studied under the guidance of the outstanding legal philosopher P.I. Novgorodtseva.

In 1918 he defended his dissertation on the topic "Philosophy of Hegel as the doctrine of the concreteness of God and man" and at the same time became a professor of jurisprudence.

"Do they leave the sick mother's bed? And even with a sense of guilt in her illness? Yes, they leave - unless for a doctor and medicine. But, leaving for medicine and a doctor, they leave someone at her bedside. And here - at this headboard. we stayed. We believed that everyone who does not go to the whites and who does not face direct execution should remain in place. "

FIRST PERSON

The coming Russia will need a new, substantive nourishment of the Russian spiritual nature, not just "education" (now denoted in the Soviet Union by the vulgar and hateful word "study"), for education, in itself, is a matter of memory, ingenuity and practical skills in isolation from spirit, conscience, faith and character. Education without upbringing does not form a person, but unbridles and spoils him, because it gives him at his disposal vital opportunities, technical skills, with which he - spiritless, shameless, faithless and characterless - and begins to abuse. We must once and for all establish and admit that an illiterate but conscientious commoner is a better person and a better citizen than a shameless literate; and that formal "education" outside of faith, honor and conscience creates not a national culture, but the debauchery of a vulgar civilization.

Reasons for expulsion

In the list of intellectuals expelled from Russia, approved by the Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) of August 10, 1922, it appears under No. 16: "In the spring of 1920, he was arrested in connection with the ] center. Disposed definitely anti-Soviet. In the spring of this year attended illegal meetings at the apartment of Professor Avinov, where abstracts and reports of a counter-revolutionary nature were read.

Ilyin was arrested six times, tried twice (November 30, 1918 at the Presidium of the Collegium of the Department for Combating Counter-Revolution and December 28, 1918 at the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal). When he was last arrested on September 4, 1922, he was accused of "not only has not reconciled with the Workers 'and Peasants' government existing in Russia, since the October coup until the present, but has never stopped his anti-Soviet activities for a single moment."

What did you do abroad

He became one of the organizers, professor and dean of the Russian Scientific Institute. Elected a Corresponding Member of the Slavic Institute at the University of London. He organized the magazine "Russian Kolokol" in continuation of the traditions of "Kolokol" published by Herzen, gave lectures on Russian culture, became the main ideologist of the White movement.

In a political sense, he stood on the right positions, not always of a moderate nature. He openly sympathized with fascism. "What did Hitler do? He stopped the process of Bolshevization in Germany and thereby did the greatest service to the whole of Europe."

Until the end of his days he did not give up hope for the collapse of the communist ideology in Russia, he dreamed of restoring the national state. This explains the abundance of his works on the future state arrangement of Russia. “Everything that I have already written, and I am still writing, and I will write again - everything is dedicated to the revival of Russia, its renewal and its prosperity,” he admitted in 1950. He associated the appointment of the future government with its ability to defend Russian interests. “We do not know,” Ilyin wrote, “how the state power in Russia will develop after the Bolsheviks. phase of new death ".

The creative heritage includes more than four dozen books and brochures, several hundred articles and a huge number of letters.

He died in Switzerland. In October 2005, the ashes of I.A. Ilyin and his wife were reburied in the necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow, next to the grave of A.I. Denikin.

Passengers of the Philosophical Steamer: Mikhail NOVIKOV (1876-1965)

Outstanding zoologist, public and statesman, rector of Moscow University

What did he do before 1922

He graduated from the course at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Heidelberg in Germany, where he specialized under A. Kossel (future Nobel Prize laureate). Upon completion of the course, he received a doctorate in natural philosophy with a summa cum laude mark ("with highest honors"). The topic of his dissertation, which Novikov defended already at Moscow University, immediately glorified his name. He opened in some animals ... the third "parietal" eye.

The famous scientist also thrived in public life. For ten years he was elected as a vowel to the Moscow City Duma. Perceived the February Revolution as a process of liberation of life and science. In July 1917, he was nominated as a candidate for deputy of the Constituent Assembly from the Congress of the Cadet Party. He was engaged in issues of public education, on the initiative of Novikov, new universities were opened - Kiev and Kharkov commercial institutes, Tiflis University.

In 1918 he became dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, and in March of the following year he was elected rector of Moscow University.

Reasons for expulsion

Already in his declining years, Novikov wrote in his memoirs "From Moscow to New York: My Life in Science and Politics":

“I didn’t voluntarily leave for emigration, but waited until the Soviet government itself forced me to leave my homeland. But this was joined by two more important points. state and when it seemed to me that I, at least in a small measure, could alleviate her suffering.And secondly, we, members of the opposition in relation to the previous government familiar before, but which she raised to a much higher level. "

"Heard: Case No. 15600 of Mikhail Mikhailovich Novikov, accused of anti-Soviet activities. Arrested on August 16 this year. Contained in the internal prison of the GPU. Resolved. from the limits of the RSFSR abroad ".

“My life in my homeland, dedicated to science and Russia, ended,” he wrote about these days. “A new life began in a foreign land, which was often clouded by all kinds of refugee sorrows and difficulties. But I tried to fill and revive it with scientific work and service to the Russian people. ".

What did you do abroad

In Berlin, he took an active part in organizing the Russian Scientific Institute, which brought together talented emigrant scientists. Once in Prague, he headed the Russian National University for 16 years. He continued to feel that he was a part of the great Russian culture, and regarded his scientific achievements as success "for the sake of the Russian name." This expression of D.I. He often repeated Mendeleev.

In August 1949, together with his family, he moved to the United States, where he led the Russian Academic Group, participated in the activities of the Pirogov Society, and delivered public lectures. At the end of 1954, Professor Novikov headed the Organizing Committee for the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Moscow University in New York. At the same time, the University of Heidelberg awarded him a "golden doctoral diploma".

In 1957, Novikov was elected a full member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He is the author of 120 books and articles of natural science and journalistic nature, published in many European languages. Including books of the most valuable memoirs "From Moscow to New York: My Life in Science and Politics".

Died at 89 in Neyake, near New York. Buried in the cemetery of the Orthodox Novodiveevsky monastery

FIRST PERSON

The teachers, students and employees of the university were constantly under the sword of Damocles of search and arrest. And I must say that this sword often fell on members of our academic family, and especially often, of course, on professors. The hassle of freeing them was the usual reason for my visits to the People's Commissariat for Education. I remember that on one of these visits I rebuked M.N. Pokrovsky (Lunacharsky's deputy for the Ministry of Public Education. - Author) in injustice and excessive cruelty towards loyal citizens. To this he answered me: "As a biologist, you should know how much blood and dirt there is at the birth of a person. And we give birth to the whole world."

Scientist, educator, classic of sociology

What did he do before 1922

Graduated from the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University. During his studies, he published about 50 works and was left at the faculty to prepare for a professorship.

In 1917 he edited the Socialist-Revolutionary newspaper "Will of the People"; Kerensky.

He perceived the Bolshevik coup as a counter-revolution, believing that the "praetorians" had come to power. On January 2, 1918, he was first arrested by the Bolshevik government. Declares a departure from politics and a return to "the real work of his life" - the cultural enlightenment of the people. Nevertheless, he gets involved in the so-called "Arkhangelsk adventure" (an attempt to convene a new Constituent Assembly to overthrow the power of the Bolsheviks of the Northern Territory). Once in the dungeons of the Veliky Ustyug Cheka, he was sentenced to be shot. The vigorous efforts of friends were also saved from death by Lenin's article "Valuable Confessions of Pitirim Sorokin", where the leader appreciated with satisfaction the fact of Sorokin's "renunciation" of political activity.

In 1919 he became one of the founders of the Department of Sociology at St. Petersburg University, professor of sociology at the Agricultural Academy and the Institute of National Economy. In 1920, together with academician I.P. Pavlov organizes the Society for Objective Research of Human Behavior. Since 1921 he has been working at the Institute of the Brain, at the Historical and Sociological Institutes.

FIRST PERSON

Whatever happens in the future, I firmly know that I have learned three lessons ... Life, even if it is difficult, is the most beautiful, wonderful and delightful treasure in the world. To follow duty is so beautiful that life becomes happy, and the soul acquires an unshakable strength to uphold ideals - this is my second lesson. And the third - violence, hatred and injustice will never be able to create either mental, moral or even material kingdom on Earth.

Reasons for expulsion

He wrote a devastating review of the book by N.I. Bukharin's "Theory of Historical Materialism".

In the first list of enemies of the Soviet power subject to expulsion (compiled on July 22, 1922 by the Deputy Chairman of the Cheka-GPU, Joseph Unshlikht for Lenin), he received the following description:

"The figure is undoubtedly anti-Soviet. It teaches students to orient their lives towards St. Sergius. The last book was hostile and contains a number of insinuations against Soviet power."

What did you do abroad

In the summer of 1924 he began lecturing at the University of Minnesota. In 1931 he founded the Faculty of Sociology at Harvard University and directed it until 1942. Among his students were future President John F. Kennedy, Secretary of State Dean Raek, presidential advisers W. Rostow and A. Schlesinger. In the West, he is recognized as a classic of sociology of the XX century, on a par with O. Comte, G. Spencer, M. Weber.

In 1941 he published the book "The Crisis of Our Society", which immediately became a bestseller (and seven decades later has not lost its relevance). He is completing work on the fundamental four-volume work "Social and Cultural Dynamics" (1937-1941), which is now ranked on a par with "Capital" by K. Marx. American students and colleagues, in recognition of the scientific achievements of the mentor, conducted in 1963 an unprecedented campaign in the history of science to elect Sorokin as president of the American Sociological Association.

Among "reading America", especially among the students of the 60s, Sorokin's ideas were very popular.

The correspondence published after his death (among the scholar's correspondents Einstein and Schweitzer, Hoover and J. Kennedy) indisputably testifies: Pitirim Sorokin was the center of the intellectual and socio-political life of the West in the middle of the last century. Russian émigrés turned to him for help, his advice was accepted by the most famous American politicians, his students were researchers who made a huge contribution to the development of world science.

He died at the age of 79 after a serious illness.

Fyodor STEPUN (1884-1965)

Religious philosopher, cultural historian, writer

What did he do before 1922

After graduating from a private real school in Moscow, he studied philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, defended his doctoral dissertation. He fought with the rank of ensign on the fronts of the First World War. He was awarded the Orders of Anna and Stanislav, was presented to the St. George's arms. He wrote about this the book "Notes of an ensign-artilleryman", published in 1918.

He met the February revolution with enthusiasm, considered it a "nationwide mystery tragedy" that lifted Russian life "to unknown heights." The political orientation was close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries. From this party he was elected as an army representative to the All-Russian Council of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies, and was later appointed head of the political department in the War Ministry of the Kerensky government.

After October he was drafted into the Red Army and was wounded.

Consisted of the literary and artistic director of the "Demonstration Theater of the Revolution" in Moscow. He did not accept the concept of class (proletarian) culture and was removed from office. Collaborated with N.A. Berdyaev "Free Academy of Spiritual Culture", published a literary collection "Rosehip", was published in the magazines "Art of Theater", "Theatrical Review", taught at theater schools.

In the hungry years of war communism, he left for the countryside, was engaged in subsistence farming. He created a theater in which the peasants of the surrounding villages became the actors.

FIRST PERSON

One of the last Russian emigrants was asked about his political program, he replied that, in the end, it boils down to one point, the demand for "the right to silence." In addition to his external meaning, the Soviet person "is silent - hence, contra, saboteur, Trotskyist," this demand conceals another, deeper idea. An encroachment on freedom of silence means, therefore, an ax to the very roots of the human self. It is unlikely that the state order will be stable, under which, in the period of acute crises, citizens would be allowed freedom of speech up to the preaching of the revolutionary overthrow of the government; but the prohibition of silence is a very special phenomenon, and in the history of mankind, to a certain extent, of a new order. It expresses with equal force both the metaphysical character of Bolshevism and the fanaticism of its metaphysics, which fundamentally denies personality and freedom.

Reasons for expulsion

They sent Stepun to Oswald Spengler's book "The Decline of Europe", which had just been published in Germany. The book made a strong impression on Fyodor Avgustovich, on his initiative a completely educational collection "Oswald Spengler and the decline of Europe" with the title article by Stepun himself was published. However, Lenin saw in the collection "a literary cover for the White Guard organization."

At the same time, Zinaida Gippius introduced into circulation the gloomy adage "Stepun on your tongue!"

In the list of intellectuals expelled from Russia, Stepun was characterized as follows: "A philosopher, mystically and socialist-revolutionary. In the days of Kerensky he was our ardent, active enemy, working in the newspaper of the rightists from [socialists] -r [evolutsioners]" Will of the People. "Kerensky distinguished this and made him his political secretary. Now he lives near Moscow in a laboring intelligentsia commune. Abroad he would feel very good and in the environment of our emigration could be very harmful ... Characteristics given by the literary commission. Comrade Sereda for deportation. Comrade Bogdanov and Semashko are against. "

“The day of our departure,” he wrote about the last day at home, “was windy, damp and brainy. The train was leaving in the evening. Two dim kerosene lanterns were burning sadly on the wet platform. Friends and acquaintances were already standing in front of the still unlit second-class carriage .. . ".

What did you do abroad

In 1926 he was promoted to professor of sociology at the Technical University of Dresden. He gave public lectures in cities in Germany, Switzerland and France. He headed the "Vladimir Solovyov Society" in Dresden, which became one of the centers of the spiritual life of Russian exiles in Europe.

In 1937, the Nazis deprived Stepun of the right to teach - "for Zhidophilia and Russophilia." In this he sees the finger of God, writes to friends:

"We live a good and internally focused life. Father John Shakhovskoy, who came to us, persistently suggested to me that it was God who had sent me times of silence and silence in order to burden me with the duty of expressing what I had to say, and not being scattered in all directions in lectures. and articles ... I started a large and very complex literary work and I am very happy that I now live in my past and more in art than in science. " This is how the two-volume book of Fyodor Stepun's memoirs "The Past and the Unfulfilled" appeared, which became an outstanding monument of Russian culture of the 20th century.

In 1947, he headed the department of the history of Russian culture at the University of Munich, created especially for him, where he taught a unique subject - the history of Russian thought. Stepun's lectures were held in overcrowded auditoriums. Its popularity was so high that sometimes, after lectures, students carried Fyodor Avgustovich home in their arms.

He was awarded the highest distinction of the Federal Republic of Germany for his contribution to the development of Russian and European culture. It was called "the bridge between Russia and Germany."

He was friends with Ivan Bunin, who believed that the best articles about his work were written by Stepun.

The eightieth anniversary of Fyodor Stepun was celebrated in Germany on a fantastic scale. He died a year later, died easily.

Astrophysicist, Dean of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow State University, discoverer of star clouds

What did he do before 1922

In 1886 Vsevolod Stratonov graduated from the Odessa gymnasium with a gold medal. He studied for a year at the law faculty of Novorossiysk University, was disappointed with "polyphony on issues that seemed clear already." Moved to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

It can be seen that it was not by chance that the root "strato" appeared in his surname, clearly pointing to the sky ...

The student's mentor was the head of the Department of Astronomy, Professor Alexander Kononovich, one of the first astrophysicists in Russia. And Vladimir trained at the Pulkovo Observatory under the guidance of the largest astronomer, academician F. Bredikhin. As a result, in 1894 Stratonov was appointed astrophysicist at the Tashkent Observatory, where he worked for ten years. All his most important observations were made here, the processing of which will take the rest of his life.

Using specially ordered foreign photographic equipment, he took 400 photographs of the starry sky, the Milky Way, star clusters and nebulae, variable stars, the small planet Eros during its approach to the Earth, the solar surface. He studied the nature of the rotation of the Sun, the connection between open star clusters and the surrounding nebulae, and discovered stellar clouds in our Galaxy. His colossal indefatigability is evidenced by the fact that he determined the position of almost a million celestial bodies for the star atlas!

In 1897, Stratonov published a "memoir" about the rotation of the Sun, in which he concluded: there is no single law of rotation of the Sun, and each latitudinal belt has its own speed of rotation. "Memoir" was awarded the prize of Emperor Nicholas II. In 1914, Vsevolod Viktorovich received the prize of the Russian Astronomical Society for his best book "The Sun". His textbook "Cosmography" was published in three editions, and Stratonov published "An Abridged Course of Cosmography" especially for children's grammar schools and theological seminaries.

In 1921, V. Stratonov was a member of the Organizing Committee and the Astrophysical Meeting with him on the construction of the Main Russian Astrophysical Observatory. Later it will be transformed into the Russian Astrophysical Institute (RAFI) and Stratonov will become its first director.

He is also a professor at Moscow University and a favorite of students.

FIRST PERSON

Having rested our souls on the ship, after the experiences we had endured, we thanked the amiable captain for his attitude towards the exiles with the address in which it was said:

"Having suffered an everyday wreck on the mainland, in Moscow, we finally found a quiet pier among the waves of the Baltic Sea, on your steamer. We personally found a quiet pier, although we did not look for it. And returning to our homeland is closed for us, under the threat of being shot." ...

Reasons for expulsion

In February 1921, the situation at the university deteriorated sharply. The new charter of universities, adopted by the People's Commissariat for Education, low professors 'salaries, and the lack of instrumentation in laboratories caused a wave of professors' strikes in Moscow universities. It was Stratonov who organized the strike at Moscow State University. He himself recalled this in his autobiographical notes:

"To declare a strike! The situation is terribly unusual. To stop voluntarily the most dear for the professor's work ... But the motives are too weighty! Mathematicians believed that only such a demonstration could draw attention to the plight in which the communist government put scientists. The judgments of the faculty were in a very serious mood, the whole weight and responsibility of the step taken was recognized ... Finally, I put to a vote:

To declare a strike or not?

The strike was adopted almost unanimously ... "

In October 1922, Stratonov was included among those who were subject to expulsion from the Soviet Union "for their counter-revolutionary views." The astronomer was not forgiven for voting for the earthly rights of scientists:

"One of the ringleaders and leaders of the February (1922) strike at the university. When admitting students, he led the bourgeoisie and the White Guards. A definite anti-Semite. At one time he worked as a consultant in the academic center and was considered his own, in fact, he is a malicious opponent of Soviet power. As a scientific value of value. Search, arrest and send abroad. The commission with the participation of Comrades Bogdanov, Sereda, Khinchuk and Likhachev spoke in favor of expulsion.

What did you do abroad

He lectured on astronomy in the cities of Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, collaborated with the Prague Russian National University. For some time he worked as a consultant in the management of a large Czech bank. I was engaged in processing the results of my Tashkent observations.

At the age of 69, he shot himself.

He was buried in Prague, at the Olshansky cemetery.

Process engineer, steam turbine designer, professor at Moscow State Technical University

What did he do before 1922

Little information has survived. It is known that before the First World War Yasinsky taught at the Imperial Moscow Technical School, now the M.V. Bauman. During the war years he was interned by the Germans and was forcibly held in Germany as a "civilian prisoner" - the designers of steam turbines at that time were valued as the current developers of rocket engines. After returning to Russia, he continued to work at IMTU, which achieved international fame under Yasinsky.

This is evidenced by the following fact. President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology J. Runkle, having received a methodology for training engineers according to the Russian method, made specially at the request of the Americans, wrote with delight to the rector of IMTU V.K. Della Vossu:

"Russia is recognized as a complete success in solving such an important task of technical education ... After that, no other system will be used in America."

After the Bolsheviks came to power, Yasinsky was appointed chairman of the board of the House of Scientists in Moscow, a member of the editorial board of the journal Vestnik Engineers. In 1921, at the invitation of A.M. Gorky took part in the work of the All-Russian Committee for Aid to the Hungry.

Reasons for expulsion

In 1922, Glavprofobr made his appointee rector in the former Imperial School. The school went on strike. The scandal hit the top leaders of the state. On February 21, 1922, Lenin in a note to L.B. Kamenev and I.V. Stalin is demanding "... it is imperative to fire 20-40 professors. They are fooling us. Consider, prepare and strike hard."

In the "List of active anti-Soviet intelligentsia in Moscow" dated July 31, 1922, Yasinsky is listed under No. 4. The Cheka investigator speaks out bluntly:

"Interviewing the citizen [Azhdanin] Yasinsky and reviewing the material on his case led me to the following: Prof. Yasinsky is undoubtedly one of the citizens who are completely alien to Soviet power, Soviet construction, unable to sympathize with this, even to the smallest extent, and" neutralism "and whose apoliticality is subject to the greatest doubts. "

In the "Unshlikht list", which lay on Lenin's table, Yasinsky is listed among the professors already under No. 3: "3. Yasinsky Vsevolod Ivanovich. Lives on Bolshoy Kharitonevsky per., 1/12, apt. 28, entrance to the apartment from Myshkovsky Leader of the right side of the professors. Always speaks out with anti-Soviet agitation, both at meetings of the faculty and in conversations with students. Former [s] member of the All-Russian Committee for Aid the Hunger. Head of the strike of professors. Thanks to the leadership in KUBU (distribution of food and other blessings to the teaching staff. - Auth.) holds in his hands economic power over the non-partisan part of the professors and uses this influence to settle accounts with those who sympathize with the Soviet government. search, arrest and deportation abroad. The commission with the participation of Comrades Bogdanov, Sereda, Khinchuk and Likhachev spoke in favor of expulsion.

FIRST PERSON

The elements that we are sending or will be sending are in themselves politically insignificant. But they are potential weapons in the hands of our potential enemies. In the event of new military complications, all these irreconcilable and irreparable elements will turn out to be the enemy's military-political agents. And we will be forced to shoot them according to the laws of war. That is why we have chosen now, during a quiet period, to send them out in advance.

Leon Trotsky

What did you do abroad

In Berlin he was elected chairman, "headman" of the united bureau of the intelligentsia expelled from Russia. He became the first rector of the Russian Scientific Institute, which was opened in Berlin on February 17, 1923. The department of spiritual culture of the institute provided for the study of Russian history (V.A.Myakotin, A.A.Kizevetter); lectures were given and seminars on Russian literature were held (Yu.I. Aykhenvald); history of Russian philosophical thought (N.A. Berdyaev).

He died in Berlin, was buried in the Tegel Orthodox cemetery.

Student

What did he do before 1922

It is only known that Ruben was from the nobility of the Tiflis province and studied at the "preparatory faculty for scientific activities in the study of anthropology and material cultures." The Moscow Archaeological Institute, where he studied, did not graduate.

Reasons for expulsion

How could a 22-year-old student be objectionable to Soviet power?

On August 10, 1922, on the initiative of Joseph Unshlikht, one of the leaders of the GPU, at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the question of expelling abroad together with the "counter-revolutionary intelligentsia" and "counter-revolutionary elements of the student body" was raised. Unshlikht himself also acted as a speaker on the issue "About hostile groups among students":

"Both the student body and the anti-Soviet professors in higher educational institutions conduct counterrevolutionary work mainly in two directions: a) the struggle for the" autonomy "of higher education and b) for improving the material situation of the professors and students ..."

The speaker's proposal was unanimously approved. By the resolution of the meeting of the GPU Collegium dated September 6, 1922, Ruben Leonovich Herumyan was sent abroad along with another 33 students from Russian educational institutions.

The total number of student youth who ended up outside the country can be judged by the following figure: in Prague alone in the 1920s - early 30s, about 7,000 Russian students studied. This was the future of Russia, which she deprived herself of.

What could I do in Russia

We will hardly ever know how the fate of the unknown student Ruben Herumian and his peers developed in a foreign land. We can only imagine how they could, if they stayed, strengthen their homeland. They thought about it when they loaded onto steamers, left by train, disappeared alone, did not return from business trips abroad.

One of their mentors, MVTU professor Vasily Ignatievich Grinevetsky, did not leave, died of typhus in 1919. But he managed to leave his will to future generations of students:

"Conclusions regarding the economic future are presented, however, not in such a gloomy light, as it could be concluded from the current state of Russia. Natural resources of Russia, its space, labor of its population, the quick correction by cultural and spiritual creativity of the defects of ignorance and disorganization of the masses represent such real opportunities that can quickly restore our productive forces, raise our economy, and with it gradually lost political power. the thick of life and take it as it really is, and not as the imagination wants it to be.

If the Russian intelligentsia is able to get down to business, is able to understand and evaluate reality, without weakening or distracting itself with dreams, then it will at least partially atone for its sin before the Motherland. "

On September 29, 1922, the steamer Oberburgomister Haken left Petrograd (the so-called Philosophical Steamer). Thus began the implementation of the campaign of the Soviet government to expel people who were disliked by the authorities abroad. It all began with the fact that in May 1922, Vladimir Lenin proposed replacing the use of the death penalty for leaders who actively opposed the Soviet regime by expulsion from the country. In July 1922, Lenin proposed to the Central Committee that "several hundred" representatives of the intelligentsia be arrested and expelled from the country without explanation. On August 10, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) adopted a decree "On administrative expulsion." According to the decree, it was allowed to administratively, that is, without a trial, the expulsion abroad or to certain areas of Russia "persons involved in counter-revolutionary actions" (the expulsion period was limited to three years).

The Bolsheviks were building a “new country” in the 1920s, and for this it was necessary to “cleanse” the country's cultural field from the debris of “tsarism”. It was believed that the creative intelligentsia, educated and educated in the Russian Empire, was a danger to Soviet Russia.

Before the deportation, lists for deportation were drawn up - Moscow, Petrogradsky and Ukrainian (in total, about 200 people were included in them). On August 16-18, searches and arrests took place in Moscow, Petrograd, Kazan and Ukraine. The detainees gave a receipt not to return to the RSFSR on pain of death. On September 19, 1922, representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, the historian A.V. Florovsky and the physiologist B.P. Babkin, arrived on a ship from Odessa to Constantinople. Others from the "Ukrainian List" were exiled abroad in September-October, some were exiled to remote regions of Russia. On September 23, another batch of intelligentsia was sent on the Moscow-Riga train. Then the expulsions also took place on the Moscow - Berlin route. During two voyages of German passenger ships in September and November (November 16), 1922, more than 160 people were taken from Petrograd to Stettin. Among those deported predominantly persons of humanitarian professions. The passengers of the ships were also very famous names: Nikolai Berdyaev, Semyon Frank, Sergei Trubetskoy, Alexander Kizevetter, Ivan Ilyin, Nikolai Lossky, Lev Karsavin and others. In December 1922, 60 people were exiled to Berlin from Georgia. In 1923, several dozen more people were sent abroad from Moscow, Petrograd and Ukraine.

For the liberal intelligentsia of modern Russia, the "philosophical steamer" has become a symbol of the senseless cruelty of the Soviet government and its pathological fear of the intellectual power of the passengers of this ship. However, the problem was somewhat different. The Russian (and late Soviet, modern liberal) intelligentsia was in many ways Russophobic, in fact, Westernizing. The "advanced part" of the creative intelligentsia was infinitely far from Russia. The intelligentsia raised by Western standards were much closer to Paris, London, Berlin, Rome, Bern, Zurich and Vienna than Ryazan and Vladivostok. For many years the "advanced part" of the Russian intelligentsia had been preparing the revolution, fought against the "tsarist regime" and, as a result, was not in demand by the new government. The country needed teachers, engineers, workers, peasants, soldiers, not professional critics.

Soviet Russia at this time only crawled out of the fire and horror of the Civil War. Separate hotbeds of war were still smoldering on its vast expanses. Russia lost the war with Poland, lost the Baltics, and with difficulty returned the Transcaucasia and Central Asia (although the struggle with bandit formations was still ongoing). The intervention of the Western powers has just ended. Russia was in a real "encirclement". Western intelligence services, diplomats and politicians, the white emigration waged a real war against Soviet Russia, and not only political, diplomatic and informational. The frontiers of the state were regularly violated by entire detachments, not counting individual saboteurs and scouts. Economy and transport infrastructure in ruins. The policy of "war communism" is curtailed and, deviating from the postulates of communism, the New Economic Policy (NEP) is being pursued. The Bolsheviks themselves were mired in endless conspiracies and intrigues. The generally recognized leader, Vladimir Lenin, is sick and loses power, Trotsky seeks to intercept it. Power factions squabble with each other. Stalin does not yet possess even a fraction of the power that he will receive during the Great Patriotic War. Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Bukharin in the foreground.

The Soviet leaders did not need another fault line in the country, there were enough more serious problems. The exiled philosophers, historians, sociologists and other masters of thought were the real leaders of the mind and will of the population. It is not for nothing that the works of Russian philosophers were widely spread in Western Europe. They were known not only in the Russian quarters of Paris, Prague and Berlin - they became world-scale figures, and thanks to their works, Russian philosophical thought became a part of the philosophical culture of mankind. Each had his own opinion on the topic of "how we can equip Russia." As a result, there is a threat of a new split, conflict. And at this time, Russia needs unity, around a common ideology, and not ideological, intellectual freedom. There was no time to debate about the future of Russia, it was necessary to build. Only unity could save Russia-USSR in the 1930s-1940s. But for him it was necessary to sacrifice (expel from the country) debating intellectuals, and then "cleanse" the country from the Trotskyists (outspoken members of the "fifth column"), schismatics in the very camp of the Bolsheviks. There was no other way out for the question of the very survival of the Russian state.

In many ways, the above applies to our time. Discordance ruins Russia, does not allow her to concentrate her forces for a leap into the future. To save and survive in the upcoming global storm, and its echoes are already shaking the planet, we need unity.