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The genius of Mstislav Keldysh served not only world science, but also our modernity. Without his discoveries, neither space progress nor the computer revolution would have been possible for a long time.
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“We must see science as a force that transforms the world.” Mstislav Keldysh
On February 10, 1911, in the city of Riga, another child was born into the family of civil engineer Keldysh. Mstislav's family could boast of mathematicians, physicists, and scientists of other specialties. Her only drawback at that time was her noble roots.
In 1927, despite his father’s desire to raise his son to be an engineer, Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University to become a mathematician. With this step began the thorny path of an outstanding innovator, world scientist and future Chief Theoretician of Russian cosmonautics.
The name of Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh for the Soviet people has long been associated with the name of another genius of the space industry of the USSR - S.P. Korolev. Engineer, outstanding leader, scientist at the intersection of physics, mathematics and technology. Even the character of M.V. Keldysh is an example of a unique set of qualities that make ordinary people an unbending lever of progress.
While still an assistant, M.V. Keldysh taught a lot: at the Higher School of Civil Engineering, at the Military Engineering Academy, at the State Electrical Machine-Building Institute (GEMI), then at the State Machine Tool Institute (STANKIN). He loved science and easily shared his knowledge with everyone.
After graduating in 1931, M.V. Keldysh was assigned to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after. N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). He received the degree of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Candidate of Technical Sciences with the title of professor in the next four years, even without defending a dissertation. And he defended his doctorate in the same year as his wedding (1938).
About the life of his family in 1941–1945. and the difficulties of the post-war period, his wife, Stanislava Valerianovna, wrote in detail in her memoirs of 1985–1987. Despite the evacuation of his family to Kazan, M.V. Keldysh did not leave his work for a minute, successfully fulfilling one order of the country's leadership after another. Soon, TsAGI scientists returned to Moscow, leaving their families in Kazan.
In 1942, the Keldysh family, tired of separation and uncertainty, secretly made their way onto a freight train with equipment and returned to the city of Zhukovsky, from where they were evacuated. To all her husband’s objections, Stanislava Valerianovna replied that she would not go anywhere else. After some time, Mstislav Vsevolodovich was given a good apartment in a new building on Sadovo-Spasskaya Street, where the family lived for about twenty years.
In the summer of 1944, a new department was created at the Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences - mechanics, and M.V. Keldysh, received the position of its head. During these years, he simultaneously combined teaching at Moscow State University, heading the department of thermodynamics, and working on two scientific seminars: on TFKP at Moscow State University and on aerodynamics at the Steklov Mathematical Institute. A couple of years later, in order to complete the task of creating a domestic thermonuclear bomb, Mstislav Vsevolodovich specially organized a calculation bureau at the Steklov Mathematical Institute.
From 1946 until 1961, M. S. Keldysh was elected to head NII-1 (Jet Research Institute), which allowed him in 1954, together with S. P. Korolev and M. K. Tikhonravov, to propose and successfully implement the idea of the first artificial Earth satellite. During this period, Mstislav Vsevolodovich devoted almost all his time to the development of astronautics in the Soviet Union. People joked a lot about the “three main Ks” of the space industry: I.V. Kurchatov, S.P. Korolev and M.V. Keldysh.
As head of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1961–1975), Mstislav Vsevolodovich, being a member of many foreign scientific circles, often traveled extensively around the country. He regularly traveled abroad, in every possible way supporting the international cooperation that made USSR scientists famous abroad. The academician received many foreign awards, he was invited to conferences and universities, he was known by scientists in Europe and America, and they heard about him in Asia.
M. V. Keldysh worked on differential equations that degenerate on the boundary, on the problems of Dirichlet and Neumann problems for the Laplace equation, considered in detail the theory of approximation of functions by polynomials, and worked on numerical methods for solving multidimensional problems. It was he who first proved the completeness of the system of eigenfunctions and associated functions for non-self-adjoint partial differential operators and studied the asymptotic behavior of eigenvalues. His research largely continued and generalized the theories of such Russian scientists as N. E. Zhukovsky, S. A. Chaplygin, P. L. Chebyshev.
The works of Mstislav Vsevolodovich gave rise to several fundamentally new branches of science, for example, on the strength of aircraft structures. Through the efforts of M. V. Keldysh and M. A. Lavrentiev, a school of approximation theory in the complex domain was born. And his main merit can be considered computational mathematics, without which it would have been impossible not only to explore space, but even to predict the weather.
According to contemporaries, Mstislav Vsevolodovich did not recognize theory in isolation from practice. All his innovative ideas and solutions served specific scientific and technical tasks, and his discoveries were the result of design activities.
The academician's only weaknesses were his beloved children, theater and long walks. He could wander alone for hours around his dacha in Abramtsevo, memorizing the clearings and paths he liked. Often he and his colleagues went mushroom hunting with their families. As his daughter, Svetlana, recalls, “my father never picked mushrooms himself. He always, carefully pushing away the foliage with a stick, loudly notified everyone about the find in order to admire the sight of the happy children racing to catch their prey.”
To appreciate the contribution of M. V. Keldysh to Soviet science, it is enough to realize that during his lifetime he received three highest degree distinctions - the title of "Hero of Socialist Labor: for participation in the creation of thermonuclear weapons (1956), for special services in the development of rocket technology, in the creation and successful launch of the world's first spacecraft with a person on board (1961) and for exceptional services to the state ( 1971)." In the history of the Soviet Union, this happened only 16 times. Among his awards are 7 Orders of Lenin, 3 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, Gold Medal named after. K. E. Tsiolkovsky Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Big Gold Medal named after. M. V. Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Stalin and Lenin Prizes...
Monuments were erected in honor of the scientist, stamps and medals were created, scholarships were established; they named streets, institutions, minerals (keldyshite), even a small planet (asteroid 2186) and a crater on the Moon. And in 1980, his name was given to a Russian research vessel with 17 laboratories and its own library, which since 1982 was used as a base for the Pisis-VII and Paisis-XI devices, and after - Mir-1 and " Mir-2".
There was a joke about the 122-meter-long ship with a displacement of 6,345 tons in the 90s:
- What's happened large apartment in the understanding of the new Russian?
– This is when in the corner there is an aquarium modestly located in which “Akademik Keldysh” swims.
In 1973, due to heart problems, he underwent major surgery on the blood vessels, but still worked until his death. When the academician’s health began to fail him completely, he, according to legend, begged Brezhnev for his resignation for almost a year and a half. On June 24, 1978, at the age of 67, the scientist died of a heart attack in his own car, preparing to return to Moscow from his dacha. In the same year, the USSR Academy of Sciences established the Gold Medal named after. M. V. Keldysh.
The urn with his ashes was installed 12th on the right side in the necropolis of the Kremlin wall on Red Square.
Keldysh Mstislav Vsevolodovich - Soviet scientist in the field of mathematics, mechanics, space science and technology, organizer of science, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, professor. Born on January 29 (February 10), 1911 in Riga. In 1915, the Keldysh family moved from front-line Riga to Moscow. In 1919-1923 Keldysh lived in Ivanovo. After graduating from the Physics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University in 1931, M.V. Keldysh was sent to work at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. Keldysh worked at TsAGI until December 1946, first as an engineer, then as a senior engineer, head of a group, and from 1941 as head of the dynamic strength department.
Continuing to work at TsAGI, Keldysh entered the graduate school of the V.A. Mathematical Institute in the fall of 1934. Steklov of the USSR Academy of Sciences to Lavrentiev, where he worked on issues of the theory of approximations of functions, closely related to the applied topics of his work (hydro-, aerodynamics). In 1935, without defense, he was awarded the academic degree of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, in 1937 - the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences and the title of professor in the specialty "aerodynamics".
Back in the mid-thirties, Academician I.M. Vinogradov invited M.V. Keldysh for doctoral studies at the Mathematical Institute. V.A. Steklov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (MIAN). Here Keldysh defended his doctoral dissertation in 1938 on the topic “On the representation of functions of a complex variable and harmonic functions by series of polynomials.” By the end of the war M.V. Keldysh, while continuing to work at TsAGI, had the opportunity to return to active work. scientific activity at the Steklov Mathematical Institute, where in April 1944 the department of mechanics was created, which he headed until 1953. Over time, the main tasks of the department became rocket dynamics and applied celestial mechanics.
During the war years, M.V. Keldysh worked at aircraft factories, where he, as the head of the TsAGI department, oversaw anti-flutter structures. In April 1942 he was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 2nd degree for scientific works to prevent aircraft destruction. During the war years, along with scientific and experimental research at TsAGI, he was involved in the implementation of the developed recommendations in aircraft design bureaus and aircraft factories. This activity was marked by the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1943) and Lenin (1945). In 1944 Keldysh was awarded the medal "For the Defense of Moscow".
In September 1943, Mstislav Vsevolodovich was elected corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. In June 1944, he became the head of the recently created department of mechanics at the Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and remained in this position until 1953. A scientific seminar worked at the department, bringing together specialists in aeromechanics. At the same time, he resumed teaching at Moscow State University, which began in 1932, he lectured at the faculties of mechanics, mathematics and physics and technology, was the head of the department of thermodynamics, and led a research seminar on the theory of functions of a complex variable. From 1942 to 1953 Keldysh was a professor at Moscow State University.
In August 1950, he was appointed head of the scientific director of the leading research institute (NII-1 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry, now the M.V. Keldysh Center). With his arrival at NII-1, his creative field included problems related to the creation of high-power jet propulsion systems for equipping cruise missiles with a whole train of scientific and technical issues on supersonic gas dynamics, heat and mass transfer, thermal protection, etc.
Recognition of the scientist’s merits in solving the defense problem was the assignment of M.V. Keldysh in 1956 was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and in 1957 he was awarded the Lenin Prize. In 1961, for special services in the development of rocket technology, in the creation and successful launch of the world's first spacecraft "Vostok" with a man on board M.V. Keldysh was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time. In 1971, for exceptional services to the state in the development of Soviet science and technology, great scientific and social activities, and in connection with his sixtieth birthday, he was awarded for the third time the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal. Awarded a gold medal named after. K.E. Tsiolkovsky for his outstanding contribution to the scientific development of problems in the study and exploration of outer space (1972); gold medal named after M.V. Lomonosov for outstanding achievements in the field of mathematics, mechanics and space research (1975).
Heading the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1961 to 1975, he provided full support to the development in our country not only of mathematics and mechanics, but also of new directions modern science, such as cybernetics, quantum electronics, molecular biology and genetics.
President of the USSR Academy of Sciences from May 19, 1961 to May 19, 1975. In 1971, for exceptional services to the state in the development of Soviet science and technology, great scientific and social activities, and in connection with his 60th anniversary, Keldysh became three times Hero of Socialist Labor.
Keldysh's works explore various issues of mechanics and mathematics: theory of oscillations, aerodynamics, theory of waves on the surface of a heavy liquid, theory of impact on water, approximate integration of differential equations, degenerate elliptic equations on the boundary of a region, potential theory, conformal mappings, theory of eigenfunctions and eigenfunctions values for non-self-adjoint differential equations. In the field of aeromechanics, he worked on the development of the theory of unsteady wing movements. He proved Zhukovsky's theorem for gas, posed and solved the main problems of stability of solutions to the Dirichlet problem. Keldysh played a leading role in the development of the theory of approximation of functions of a complex variable by series of polynomials. In the theory of quasiconformal mappings, the Keldysh and Keldysh-Sedov theorems are known. Great value have Keldysh’s works on the theory, calculation and development of measures to eliminate various types of vibrations on an aircraft. He is the author of the monograph “Shimmy of the front three-wheeled chassis” (1945). Keldysh's works on aerohydrodynamics provide important qualitative conclusions about the properties of the movement of liquids and gases; in particular, Keldysh discovered that with certain types of vibrations of a wing moving in the air, a pulling force appears. Participating in the creation of hydrofoil ships, he developed the theory of wings moving at a shallow depth under the surface of the water. Keldysh's theoretical work on determining the effect of air compressibility on the lift of a wing is of fundamental importance. In the field of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, Keldysh is a talented continuator of the research of N.E. Zhukovsky and S.A. Chaplygin. Many of the mathematical methods developed by Keldysh are successfully used in solving problems in physics and technology. He made a great contribution to the development of astronautics, computational mathematics and technology in the USSR.
Mstislav Vsevolodovich was awarded the Order of Lenin (1945, twice 1954, 1956, 1961, 1967, 1975), the Red Banner of Labor (1943, 1945, 1953), medals "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War" Patriotic War"(1945), "800 years of Moscow" (1947), "20 years of Victory" (1965), "For valiant work in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin" (1970), "30 Years of Victory" (1975). Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honor (Commander) (1971), the highest orders of a number of other countries.
From memories
Stanislava Valerianovna Keldysh,
wife of Mstislav Vsevolodovich
Evacuation
In October 1941, when things were already very alarming in Moscow, Mstislav Vsevolodovich ran home terribly excited: “Don’t take anything, gather the guys and let’s go. Take the stroller.” We put a kerosene stove and some other necessary things in the stroller. He was in a hurry because the train was leaving soon, and we were running all the way to catch the train. We were leaving Zhukovsky from TsAGI, either to Kazan, or to Novosibirsk... As soon as we arrived, the train started moving. We were unable to lift the stroller into the carriage, but Verochka (Slava’s younger sister) got into the carriage while it was moving with our help. The seven of us left: my mother, Verochka, Slava and I and our three children - little Petya was 2.5 months old, Svetochka - 3 years old, and Bella (my daughter from my first marriage) - 13 years old.
Mstislav Vsevolodovich was terribly worried, I had never seen him like this. I lost my milk from excitement and had nothing to feed Petya. How we got there, I don’t even know. Not having a stroller, I held the baby in my arms all the time, usually sitting on a shelf near the window. One day there was suddenly a strong explosion and the train stopped. Panic began in the carriage, everyone screamed and, pushing, jumped out into the street. Slava tells me: “Don’t run anywhere, go downstairs and crawl under the bench.”
Grossman and his family were traveling with us in the carriage. He became so worried that he left his wife and children and ran into the forest. I see that Mstislav Vsevolodovich got ready, jumped out and sternly shouted: “Go back, everyone!” And the people, shoving each other, returned to the carriage. The panic is over...
We stayed under the bench, and Slava sat on this bench. Some carriages, including ours, were also hit by shrapnel... In Kazan, the train stopped, and they suddenly told us: “Unload, we’ve arrived.” Kazan is packed with evacuees. For probably a week, all the Tsag residents who arrived lived in the huge gym of the Kazan Aviation Institute. Partitions were made by hanging sheets and blankets. We slept next to each other. It was very difficult for us infant. Mstislav was at work from morning to evening. A week later, our family, as a large family, was moved to the House of Professors, to a room in an apartment located on the 4th or 5th floor. It became easier: the house was nice, heated, and there was still a kitchen to cook food. I carried water from a street water pump, so I could wash and wash myself.
I remember S.A. came to us. Chaplygin (he was in Kazan on his way to Novosibirsk) and asked Mstislav Vsevolodovich how we got settled and what we needed. It was very difficult for us then (as, indeed, for many), but now I remember and think: I wasn’t particularly worried and managed to do everything. True, my mother helped me a lot - I couldn’t stand it alone. Oh, this is laundry... I didn’t leave the trough: I was heavily carrying water, boiling it, rinsing it, hanging it to dry. One day, Nadezhda Matveevna Semenova, assistant to S.A., found me doing this activity. Chaplygina, who, on his instructions, also came to find out how the Keldysh family was living. I remember feeling awkward. We were in great need, we shared our bread piece by piece (there were many of us, and everyone except Slava were dependents), but she did not admit that we were living from hand to mouth.
At some point, Petya became seriously ill. Suspected of meningitis, he and I ended up in a hospital where a famous professor treated the children. On the ninth day, Petya developed bilateral pneumonia. He hardly ate, he was cyanotic, and I had a hard time expressing a spoon every 5 minutes by the hour around the clock. breast milk, forcefully opened his mouth and poured in milk. The nurses felt sorry for me: “Yes, you should get some sleep, Mom. Why do you keep feeding him?”... When things started to get better, the professor asked me: “Mom, how did you cure your son?” “You cured it for me,” I answer. “The nurses tell me that my mother did something like that?..” I don’t know whether this is true or not, but the professor told me that it was breast milk that saved Petya.
Stanislava Valerianovna Keldysh, born in 1964
Mstislav Vsevolodovich worked very hard and visited Kazan for 2-3-4 days; he did not have the opportunity to stay longer. During these days, he tried as best he could to provide food for his family, played with the children, read them a few books, and even drew and hand-wrote the book "Russians" folk tales"(unfortunately lost).
One winter, Mstislav Vsevolodovich was urgently summoned to Moscow. He stops at home for a few minutes and immediately goes to the airfield. Several days pass - no news from Mstislav. I'm trying to find out something about his work. One feels that they are also in bewilderment - all the deadlines have passed, but Keldysh is not there. And suddenly the door opens - he stands there looking depressed. We hugged, I didn’t bother asking questions.
Later I found out what happened. He flew to Moscow via Gorky. And from there he agreed to fly to Moscow with his friend at TsAGI, test pilot Yuri Stankevich, who was supposed to ferry a new plane to Moscow. Mstislav had already begun to land, and the pilot said: “Don’t rush... Let me make a circle on the plane, I’ll fly around the new horse.” The plane, having run along the runway, rose into the sky, made one circle, and suddenly the car, as if it had stumbled upon something, rushed down. A few seconds later there was an explosion...
Mstislav Vsevolodovich did not like to remember this story. He loved Stankevich very much...
Soon TsAGI returned to Moscow. The families remained in Kazan for now.
In the summer of 1942, we learned that a freight train with equipment was leaving Kazan for TsAGI. I decided secretly, without consulting Slava, who was already working in Moscow, to leave Kazan. Joined me ex-wife S.A. Khristianovich Shura, a very energetic, kind and sympathetic woman (Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov gave her the nickname “Shurum-burum”, that’s what we called her). By that time, Verochka was already working in Kazan at the TsAGI branch, so the five of us were returning. The children, mother and I, without any permission, got into the carriage with the equipment and hid there. At some station the train stopped and the carriages began to be checked. It was dark. Mom and the girls climbed behind some kind of cannon, and Petya and I climbed into the pipe. To keep Petya silent, I put an empty breast in his mouth, but he squeaked. The person checking stopped, shone a flashlight and said: “Some kind of cat. Well, God bless it.” - And he left...
So we got to the Bykovo station of the Kazan railway. I remember there were mountains of sand at the station. My mother and I first lowered the children, and then we ourselves jumped out of the carriage into the sand. Quite quickly we reached the Rest in the city of Zhukovsky and came home. On the way, someone recognized us and handed us over to Mstislav Vsevolodovich. He came home angry: “You’re crazy!” “He was ready to send us back.” “As you wish, I won’t go anywhere else, I’ll be here.”
Before the war, Mstislav Vsevolodovich had a small room in Zhukovsky, where he often came after night work at the TsAGI wind tunnel. And in Moscow, our family occupied two rooms in an apartment on the street. Bakunina, 8. Leaving in the summer of 1941 for the dacha in Kratovo (Petya was born there on July 24), and before the evacuation we moved to a room in Zhukovsky, we closed our two rooms in Moscow and handed over the keys to the house management - there was a war going on, so there were rules. A husband and wife also lived in this apartment. When we returned in 1942, both rooms were empty - everything had been taken away. I accidentally saw some of our things with our neighbors, but Slava categorically forbade me to even remember them. Therefore, at first, all six of us lived in Zhukovsky in that small room from which we had left and where we returned from Kazan, until we acquired the necessary furniture to live in Moscow.
After some time, Mstislav Vsevolodovich was given a very good apartment on Kirova Street (now Myasnitskaya Street), in house No. 40A. We moved there from the city of Zhukovsky. Around the year 1950-51 we received another apartment in a new high-rise building (No. 21) on Sadovo-Spasskaya Street, where we lived for more than twenty years...
S.V. and M.V. Keldysh
Mstislav Vsevolodovich was happy man- nature gifted him with an unusually wide spiritual world; he was given a lot, as they say, from God. He was well educated and fluent in French and German. He was passionate about science, passionate about work, many of his dreams came true, his business was realized. He loved nature, loved to travel to see everything with his own eyes.
He was seriously interested in painting, music and theater. At the end of the 40s, when his daughter Svetlana was already ten years old, he and she watched all the matinee performances of the Bolshoi Theater, many several times. If Sunday was free, they went to the theater, bought tickets at the box office or from hand, and enjoyed the ballet or opera. After the performance we often went to the Ice Cream cafe, and then went home for dinner. My daughter kept these happy childhood moments of meeting the Bolshoi Theater for the rest of her life.
In 1947 we went to look at the dacha in Abramtsevo, and starting in 1948 we lived there in the summer. At that time, 40 dachas were built in Abramtsevo for academicians (these were the same type of Finnish houses), and we received one of them.
Abramtsevo Mstislav Vsevolodovich loved very much, despite the fact that it was difficult to travel there, because in those years you had to stand idle at the crossing through Yaroslavskaya railway 40 minutes, sometimes an hour or more. He didn't come often, but he loved being there.
My older sister’s family with two children lived with us, and other relatives also came. So there was a big family there. We often played ping-pong and volleyball. Everyone who wanted to play, even small children. Mstislav Vsevolodovich played with passion and for a long time. Excitement shone in his eyes, he enjoyed it. In the evenings they put it on the ping-pong table big samovar and the whole company drank tea with freshly brewed strawberry jam.
He loved to go into the forest alone; he walked alone for hours. When you’re with us, you just pick mushrooms. He wandered through the forest, pushing away the foliage with a stick, and when he found a mushroom, he shouted: “I found the mushroom!” The kids came running and shouted, “Don’t tear it yourself!..” and tore it off.
Mstislav Vsevolodovich also loved to tinker with the soil. Wherever he saw a small piece of land, he immediately went up and sowed grass. He dreamed of making an English lawn everywhere at his dacha in Abramtsevo. But he didn’t succeed, because we planted something there and the strawberries grew.
He was interested in growing roses. He made himself a special flowerbed, planted the roses himself, looked after them himself, watered them himself, without allowing anyone to do this. But over time, Slava became more and more busy, and the “pink farm” came under my care...
Somehow, in the first years, Mstislav Vsevolodovich had enough time to work out at the table, and go for a walk, and take a break, and work in the garden (we had wonderful apple trees growing there!). He didn’t like to sit idle, he couldn’t rest for a long time - he was sure to start something: “I’ll go, I need to add some earth there.” — He took a wheelbarrow, and he and his son Petya went into the forest and brought good soil for a flower bed with roses. Or they took an ax and a shovel and noisily uprooted unnecessary plants in the garden. We swam in a small spring river with icy clean water. But Slava did not swim - it was too cold.
M.V. Keldysh with children Svetlana and Petya
(Abramtsevo, 1949)
We were friends at home with Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov and his sister Nadezhda Matveevna. We often spent time together. Slava introduced me to the Vinogradovs before the war, when we had just gotten married. Since then we have remained friends for many years.
In Abramtsevo, the Vinogradovs lived on the other side holiday village, but it's not far. The dachas were located in a circle: small - 1.5 km, and large - 3 km. It seemed like a long way to go, but in fact it was close. As soon as we appeared, Ivan Matveevich shouted: “Oh, Keldysh has come!” — He nicknamed Slava Keldysh (with emphasis on the “s”). And Mstislav Vsevolodovich, who also liked to give nicknames, called him Jean Mathieu.
Jean Mathieu was a very unusual and even funny person. True, some of his fun was scary. One day he sat me down on a chair and began to lift the chair with one hand by the back leg. I screamed in fear, and Slava looked and smiled: “Don’t be afraid, he still won’t pick me up.” So what do you think? At first, sitting down, Ivan Matveevich only lifted the chair off the floor with both hands, and then raised it up with one hand and very high. I closed my eyes at the top - I thought I was going to fly upside down. But Slava came up and said: “Come on, come on, you can’t do that.” Saved me. Ivan Matveevich was very strong and loved to show off his strength.
The Vinogradovs and I went mushroom picking, sometimes drove further afield, played volleyball, lotto, and cards. Mstislav Vsevolodovich preferred the game "nine". And we loved to play preference, Slava too. When he and Uncle Vanya played, there was incredible laughter, because Ivan Matveyevich was quietly cunning and cheating. They took me and Nadezhda Matveevna into the company. They paid in pennies...
For mushrooms: M.V. Keldysh, M.A. Lavrentyev, Svetlana, Petya - children, S.V. Keldysh, N.M. and I.M. Vinogradovs, G.V. or. Sedovs, summer 1949
Ivan Matveevich scolded Slava for smoking a lot. It happened that he would come up and rip the cigarette out of his mouth, and even list the sores that would come from smoking. But Slava could not quit smoking and smoked very often. This, of course, greatly undermined his health.
The Vinogradovs adored our granddaughter Mashenka, Svetlana’s daughter. You will come to them with Masha, and Ivan Matveevich: “Oh! Manya has come. Manya, come here to me. What bows you have!..” It was already the 60s.
We all loved Abramtsevo very much. But it became increasingly difficult for Mstislav Vsevolodovich to travel there. And yet, for a long time he did not want to change this dacha, but later he said: “I’m already sick and can’t travel that far. Let’s change it. It will be closer in Zhukovka.” We've moved.
In Zhukovka, Mstislav Vsevolodovich could no longer walk around the neighborhood for a long time, but he loved to drive a car (although his legs got very tired in it). But he always drove the car at high speed. I asked: “Just don’t go so fast...” - the speed in the front seat made me feel a little unpleasant. He always picked us up on a free day off and took us to his various favorite places - meadows, forests (he remembered them), memorable places Moscow region. And he really loved buying salted mushrooms and apples at local markets. We were returning home with a trunk full of different apples...
Soviet scientist in the field of mathematics, mechanics, space science and technology, statesman, organizer of science.
Born on January 29 (February 10), 1911 in Riga in the family of Vsevolod Mikhailovich Keldysh, an adjunct professor at the Riga Polytechnic Institute, a major civil engineer (later an academician of architecture). Mother - Maria Alexandrovna (nee Skvortsova) - a housewife. In 1915, the Keldysh family moved from front-line Riga to Moscow. In 1919-1923 Keldysh lived in Ivanovo, where his father taught at the Polytechnic Institute, organized on the initiative of M.V. Frunze. In Ivanovo he began studying at high school, having received the necessary initial training at home from Maria Alexandrovna. Upon returning to Moscow (1923), he studied at a school with a construction focus. Keldysh's penchant for mathematics manifested itself in the 7th and 8th grades; teachers even then noted his extraordinary ability in the exact sciences.
In 1927 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University. In the spring of 1930, simultaneously with his studies, he began working as an assistant at the Electrical Mechanical Engineering Institute, then at the Stanko-Instrumental Institute (STANKIN).
After graduating from Moscow State University in 1931, on the recommendation of Academician A.I. Nekrasov, Keldysh was sent to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). Scientific life TsAGI at that time was headed by S.A. Chaplygin, a seminar was regularly held under his leadership. Participants of the seminar were also M.A. Lavrentiev, N.E. Kochin, L.S. Leibenzon, A.I. Nekrasov, G.I. Petrov, L.I. Sedov, L.N. Sretensky, F.I. Frankl, S.A. Khristianovich; many of them subsequently became famous mechanical scientists. Keldysh worked at TsAGI first as an engineer, then as a senior engineer, head of a group, and from 1941 as head of the dynamic strength department.
Continuing to work at TsAGI, Keldysh entered graduate school in the fall of 1934 (later supplemented by a two-year doctorate) at the V.A. Mathematical Institute. Steklov Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1935, without defense, he was awarded the academic degree of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, in 1937 - the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences and the title of professor in the specialty "aerodynamics". On January 26, 1938, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic: “On the representation of functions of a complex variable and harmonic functions by series of polynomials.”
In October 1941, Keldysh with his wife Stanislava Valerianovna and three children, along with other TsAGI employees, were evacuated to Kazan, where he continued to work. In April 1942 he was awarded the Stalin Prize, II degree, for scientific work on preventing the destruction of aircraft. During the war years, along with scientific and experimental research at TsAGI, he was involved in the implementation of the developed recommendations in aircraft design bureaus and aircraft factories. This activity was marked by the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1943) and Lenin (1945). In 1944 Keldysh was awarded the medal “For the Defense of Moscow”.
In September 1943, Keldysh was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. In June 1944, he became the head of the recently created department of mechanics at the Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and remained in this position until 1953. At the same time, he resumed teaching at Moscow State University, which began in 1932, he lectured at the faculties of mechanics, mathematics and physics and technology, headed the department of thermodynamics, and led a research seminar on the theory of functions of a complex variable.
From 1942 to 1953 Keldysh was a professor at Moscow State University. Many of his students of that time became prominent scientists, among them academicians A.A. Gonchar, D.E. Okhotsimsky, T.M. Eneev.
At the end of 1946, Keldysh was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Technical Sciences. A new period of his activity began, associated with the names of the “three Ks”: I.V. Kurchatova, S.P. Korolev and M.V. Keldysh. Immediately after his election as an academician, he was appointed head (since August 1950, scientific director) of the leading research institute (NII-1 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry, now the State Scientific Center FSUE "Keldysh Center"), which dealt with applied problems of rocket science. Since that time, the main direction of Keldysh’s activity has been related to rocket technology. The world's first intercontinental missile was launched in the USSR on August 21, 1957.
In 1949, Keldysh became a member of the Communist Party, and was subsequently elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee (since 1961), a delegate to the CPSU congresses (XXII, 1961; XXIII, 1966; XXIV, 1971; XXV, 1977).
In the post-war years, Keldysh was engaged in solving problems of nuclear energy and computational mathematics.
In 1953, he became the founder of the Institute (until 1966 - Department) of Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and its permanent director. The development of modern computational mathematics in our country is largely connected with the activities of this institute, which now bears his name.
Keldysh took part in the work on creating a nuclear missile shield both as the leader of large teams and as the author of many scientific and technical ideas and computational methods. At this time, he published works on assessing the consequences of a nuclear explosion: On assessing the effect of an explosion on high altitudes(1950, together with L.I. Sedov) and Point explosion in the atmosphere (1955, together with D.E. Okhotsimsky and others). In 1956 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and in 1957 his scientific achievements were awarded the Lenin Prize.
He made outstanding contributions to the development of Soviet space science and technology. Having started working on space topics in 1946 in creative collaboration with S.P. Korolev, he was one of the initiators of the widespread expansion of work on the study and exploration of space. From the beginning of 1956, he headed one of the leading areas in their implementation. His contribution to the formation and successful development of such scientific fields as space flight mechanics and space navigation was great.
Since 1953, work has been carried out at the Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences to solve the problems of launching an artificial satellite into Earth orbit, which culminated on October 4, 1957 with its successful launch and placement into orbit. Keldysh played a decisive role in the creation of a relatively cheap launch vehicle for launching satellites into orbit for scientific programs (satellites of the Cosmos family).
He led the “Lunar” program, including flights of automatic stations of the “Luna” family.
Identification of new scientific and technical problems, development of space technology, formation of comprehensive scientific and technical programs, flight control issues are far from full list problems that were within the scope of Keldysh’s activities. In 1961, for special services in the development of rocket technology, the creation and successful launch on April 12, 1961 of the world's first spaceship "Vostok" with a man on board, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time.
On March 18, 1965, the first human spacewalk was carried out (cosmonaut Alexei Leonov). Keldysh made a huge contribution to the implementation of the joint Soviet-American space flight Soyuz-Apollo (1975) and the development of flights under the Intercosmos program.
He was one of the initiators of the creation of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1951 (in the city of Dolgoprudny, Moscow region) and gave lectures for some time; for a long time he was the head of the department.
A large period of Keldysh’s life is associated with his activities in the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which began in October 1953 and continued until the end of his life. Since 1953, he has been Academician-Secretary of the Mathematics Department of the Academy of Sciences. In 1960 he was elected vice-president, and in May 1961 - president of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Heading the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1961 to 1975, he provided full support for the development in our country not only of mathematics and mechanics, but also of new areas of modern science, such as cybernetics, quantum electronics, molecular biology and genetics. Developed international scientific cooperation and coordination in every possible way scientific research. On scientific visits he visited Germany and England (1965), Czechoslovakia (1963, 1970), Japan (1964), Poland (1964, 1973), France (1965,1967), Romania (1966), Bulgaria (1966, 1969), Hungary (1967), Canada (1967), Italy (1969), Sweden (1969), Spain (1970), USA (first official visit Russian Academy of Sciences for the entire period of its existence, 1972). Keldysh spoke fluent German and French, also read Italian, already in mature age(after 50) began to study English. His merits were received international recognition, among his titles: academician of the German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" (GDR, 1961), academician of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia (1961), academician of the Academy of Sciences of Poland (1962), academician of the Academy of Sciences of Czechoslovakia (1962), honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Romania (1965) , honorary foreign member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1966), honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts in Boston (1966), corresponding member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin (1966), honorary member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1968), honorary member of the Academy Sciences of Hungary (1970), honorary member of the Academy of Finland (1974); honorary doctor from the University of Delhi (1967), honorary doctor from the University of Budapest (1967), honorary doctor from the University of Lagos (Nigeria, 1968), honorary doctor from Charles University in Prague (Czechoslovakia, 1974), honorary doctor from the Indian Statistical Institute (1974).
Awarded the Order of Lenin (1945, twice 1954, 1956, 1961, 1967, 1975), the Red Banner of Labor (1943, 1945, 1953), medals “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War” (1945), “800 Years of Moscow” (1947) ), “20 years of Victory” (1965), “For valiant work in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin” (1970), “30 years of Victory” (1975). Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honor (Commander) (1971), the highest orders of a number of other countries. Gold Medal named after M.V. Lomonosov of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1976).
He died on June 24, 1978. The urn with Keldysh’s ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall near Red Square in Moscow.
Based on materials from the Roscosmos website
Scientist-engineer in the field of mathematics and mechanics, organizer of Soviet science. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, from 1953 - member of the Presidium, in 1960-1961 - vice-president, in 1961-1975 - president, in 1975-1978 - member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Three times Hero of Socialist Labor. Member of the CPSU since 1949.
Born into the family of Vsevolod Mikhailovich Keldysh (1878-1965) - professor, major general of the engineering and technical service, founder of the methodology for calculating building structures. He was called the “father of Russian reinforced concrete.” He never hid his noble origins. The maternal grandfather is full artillery general A.N. Skvortsov, the paternal grandfather is M.F. Keldysh, who graduated from theological seminary, but then chose the medical path and rose to the rank of general.
Mother - Maria Alexandrovna (nee Skvortsova) - was a housewife. Mstislav was the fifth child (and fourth son) in the family; later two more girls were born. In 1915, the family moved from front-line Riga to Moscow. In 1919-1923 he lived in Ivanovo, where his father taught at the Polytechnic Institute, organized on the initiative of M. V. Frunze. In Ivanovo, he began his studies in high school, receiving the necessary initial training at home. Upon returning to Moscow, he began to study at a school with a construction focus, in the summer he went with his father to construction sites, and worked as a laborer. Keldysh's penchant for mathematics manifested itself in the 7th and 8th grades; teachers even then recognized his extraordinary ability for the exact sciences.
In 1927 he graduated from school and wanted to get his father’s profession of a civil engineer, which he liked. However, he was not accepted into the construction institute where his father taught because of his youth (only 16). On the advice of his older sister Lyudmila, who graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University (now Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov), and studied mathematics under the scientific supervision of N.N. Luzin, he entered the same faculty of Moscow State University. While studying at the university, he established scientific contacts with M. A. Lavrentiev, which later grew into long-term scientific cooperation and strong friendship. N. N. Luzin was very critical of Keldysh’s passion for engineering problems instead of fundamental science during his years of study at Moscow State University and believed that as a mathematician he was going to the bottom.
After graduating from Moscow State University, on the recommendation of A.I. Nekrasov, he was sent to TsAGI. The scientific life of TsAGI at that time was headed by the outstanding domestic mechanic S.A. Chaplygin, under his leadership a scientific seminar was regularly held, in which Keldysh became an active participant. Participants in the seminar were also M. A. Lavrentiev, N. E. Kochin, L. S. Leibenzon, A. I. Nekrasov, G. I. Petrov, L. I. Sedov, L. N. Sretensky, F. I. Frankl, S. A. Khristianovich; many of them subsequently became outstanding mechanical scientists. He worked at TsAGI until December 1946, first as an engineer, then as a senior engineer, head of a group, and from 1941 as head of the dynamic strength department.
Continuing to work at TsAGI, in the fall of 1934 he entered graduate school (later supplemented by a two-year doctorate) at the Mathematical Institute. V. A. Steklova of the USSR Academy of Sciences (MIAN) to Lavrentiev, where he deals with issues of the theory of approximations of functions, closely related to the applied topics of his work (hydro, aerodynamics). In 1935, without defense, he was awarded the academic degree of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, in 1937 - the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences and the title of professor in the specialty "aerodynamics". On January 26, 1938, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “On the representation of functions of a complex variable and harmonic functions by series of polynomials.”
In June 1944, he became the head of the recently created department of mechanics at the Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and remained in this position until 1953. A scientific seminar was held at the department, bringing together specialists in aeromechanics. At the same time, he resumes his teaching activity at Moscow State University, which began in 1932. Here he lectures at the Faculty of Mechanics, Mathematics and Physics and Technology, heads the Department of Thermodynamics, and leads a research seminar on the theory of functions of a complex variable. From 1942 to 1953 professor at Moscow State University.
From 1953 to 1978 he was director of the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (IPM RAS).
He studied mechanics and aerogasdynamics of aircraft. Of great importance are the works carried out under the leadership of Yu.B. Rumer, associated with solving the flutter problem, which in the late 1930s. became an obstacle to the development of high-speed aviation. Keldysh's work in the field of high-speed aerodynamics had important for the development of jet aviation. Simple design solutions were also found to eliminate the phenomenon of shimmy - self-excited oscillations of the nose wheel of an aircraft landing gear.
Participated in the creation of the Soviet thermonuclear bomb. For this purpose, in 1946 he organized a special settlement bureau at the Steklov Mathematical Institute. For participation in the creation of thermonuclear weapons in 1956 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
In 1946, he was appointed head of the Research Institute-1 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry, from 1950 he became the scientific director of this institution and held this post until 1961. He was one of the founders of the development of work on space exploration and the creation of rocket and space systems, heading the mid-1950s, development of theoretical prerequisites for launching artificial bodies into near-Earth orbits, and later - flights to the Moon and planets solar system. He led the scientific and technical council to coordinate activities to create the first artificial Earth satellite, made a great contribution to the implementation of manned flight programs, to the formulation of scientific problems and research into near-Earth space, the interplanetary environment, the Moon and planets, and to the solution of many problems in the mechanics of space flight and theories of control, navigation and heat transfer.
An important place in the activities was occupied by the scientific management of work carried out in cooperation with other countries under the Intercosmos program. His activities in the field of cosmonautics were classified for a long time and in the newspapers Keldysh was called “The Theorist of Cosmonautics,” despite the fact that he was known as the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
For preparing the first manned flight into space (Yu. A. Gagarin, April 12, 1961) he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time.
He was a member of the original composition of the USSR National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. He was chairman of the Committee for Lenin and State Prizes under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. He was elected a member of many foreign academies (including the International Academy of Astronautics), served on the board of the Guggenheim International Public Prize for Astronautics, was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 6th-9th convocations, a delegate of the XXII-XXV Congresses of the CPSU, at which he was elected a member of the Central Committee CPSU.
In 1955 he signed the “Letter of the Three Hundred”. During the propaganda campaign against A.D. Sakharov, he signed an anti-Sakharov statement, but did not allow Sakharov to be expelled from the Academy. As V.I. Duzhenkov (Keldysh’s assistant at the USSR Academy of Sciences) testifies, at a meeting with the scientific community during a trip to the Far East in 1970, he said that Sakharov is an excellent scientist, but in a number of issues social development is mistaken, it is necessary to persistently carry out explanatory work with him. Personally met with Andropov, petitioning for Sakharov. The years when Keldysh held the post of President of the USSR Academy of Sciences were a period of significant achievements in Soviet science; During this period, conditions were created for the development of new branches of science - molecular biology, quantum electronics, etc.
Nephew S.P. Novikov also became a famous mathematician.
In the last months of his life, Keldysh was seriously ill. On June 24, 1978, the body was discovered in a Volga car located in the garage at his dacha. The official report stated that death was due to a heart attack. At the same time, there is a widespread version that he committed suicide by poisoning himself with the exhaust fumes of a car engine, while in deep depression. An urn with ashes is installed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
