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One of the most types of sexually transmitted infections is chlamydia, which can complicate the life of both adults and children. Those at risk are those who do not know about chlamydia, how it is transmitted and what prevention methods can reduce cases of infection to nothing. Experts will tell you more about all issues of transmission of chlamydia to humans.

Why is there so much fuss about infection?

What is chlamydia

exists in nature huge amount bacteria, microbes, viruses, but not all are considered dangerous to humans. Some are beneficial or die on their own, without even having time to express themselves with clear symptoms, because the immune system knows its job.

This circle can be endless if the immune system is not able to fight back. But chlamydia is able to camouflage itself by going into so-called hibernation in order to attack cells when the immune system first weakens.
The bacterium is not able to enter the body through other epithelial cells. Having settled in one area, chlamydia moves freely from one cell to another. In some circumstances, the pathogen enters the blood, which increases the rate of reproduction of chlamydia throughout the body. The process of penetration into the cell and reproduction lasts 2–3 days. The consequences are varied, from decreased immunity and the possibility of catching any disease to infertility or pathologies in newborns. Therefore, both women and men should understand how chlamydia is transmitted and what routes of infection are known to modern medicine.

Chlamydia of various types

Despite the fact that chlamydia refers to any damage to the body by chlamydia, there are still differences in the type of bacteria and the conditions under which they enter the epithelium. The following types of bacteria are distinguished:

Chlamydia trachomatis is transmitted sexually from person to person or through household contacts if liquid (sperm, saliva, pus) with chlamydia enters the mucous membrane of the eye through hands, personal hygiene items or underwear.

Chlamydia pneumoniae (pneumonia) - affects the lungs and respiratory tract, is transmitted by airborne droplets through close contact with a sick person if he sneezes, coughs or sprays saliva when talking. Not only women and men, but also children are at risk of becoming infected.

Chlamydia psittaci - the infection is transmitted from birds through the air through dust particles or droplets that contain these chlamydia. The mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, kidneys and joints are affected. It cannot be transmitted from person to person.

Chlamydia Felis multiplies on the mucous membrane of the eyes of cats, even domestic ones. When a person comes into contact with an infected cat, conjunctivitis may appear, which is easily treated and does not cause complications if the problem is not started.

Chlamydia Abortus most often affects the mucous membranes of animals, causing miscarriages. A woman becomes infected in rare cases, only when caring for a sick animal, such as livestock. If the infection reaches a pregnant woman, there is a risk of abortion and miscarriage of the embryo.

Based on the fact that the main threat in terms of the frequency of infection of people is posed by chlamydia trachomatis species, doctors identify several ways of transmitting chlamydia from person to person:

Sexual contact of any type - classic, oral, anal.

Household in contact with household items, personal hygiene items, linen, on which bacteria are present. This is possible if a person uses other people’s things without thinking about what an acquaintance or close person is sick with chlamydia.

Airborne if a person infected with chlamydia, which causes pneumonia, sneezes or coughs on a neighbor and passes it on to them large number mucus, saliva containing infection. But the contact must be very close, because microbes of this group cannot exist without joining the cell.

Infection of the fetus in utero or during natural delivery. Chlamydia is transmitted to a child from the mother if the bacterium enters the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth while passing through the birth canal.

To understand how chlamydia is transmitted in each case, you should study in detail all the routes of infection.

Chlamydia is transmitted sexually from men to women and vice versa. If sex was a one-time affair, then don’t delude yourself that the problem could have been avoided. Even during primary sex with a partner who has chlamydia and does not use a condom knowingly or out of ignorance of the presence of the virus, infection can be mild. The more episodes, the higher the percentage of bacteria in a person who has not had a sexually transmitted disease before that point.

Yes, a woman or man infected with chlamydia may not be aware of the disease if there are no obvious symptoms. But the problem is also that people do not like to seek medical help under such circumstances and look for ways to self-medicate, not expecting that they could harm their partner.

Therefore, if you do not have regular sexual relations with one person, you should take care of safe sex so that your next pleasure does not develop into a serious problem.
Chlamydia is treatable, but requires serious effort, money, and time. If the disease becomes chronic, chlamydia can seriously ruin a person’s life.

Close relationships between a man and a woman do not end with pregnancy. Sometimes the expectant mother does not yet know about the fact of fertilization, because the period is still short. But even knowing about what happened, the couple does not want to forget about intimacy if there are no health contraindications.

Circumstances vary and the transmission of a sexually transmitted infection to a pregnant woman from a partner who has chlamydia is possible.

At this stage of life, both the expectant mother and the child are at risk. Chlamydia, getting on the mucous membrane of the vagina, cervix or deeper, gradually multiplies and can move into the uterine cavity, creating a threat of miscarriage or damage to the fetus. The shorter the pregnancy, the greater the likelihood that the embryo may be rejected by the uterus due to internal changes and the development of inflammation.

If infection with chlamydia in a pregnant woman does not affect the development of the fetus, then the risk of infection of the baby remains if the birth occurs naturally through the birth canal. After the rupture of the bladder that protected the embryo, the face and body come into direct contact with the epithelium of the mother’s birth canal. Chlamydia is transmitted to the newborn, which affects the respiratory tract, eyes, and genitals. If doctors have determined that a person has chlamydia, expectant mother, at the birth of a baby, certain procedures are carried out to eliminate this disease.

Chlamydia is transmitted to a woman not only through direct contact with a sick partner, but also through artificial insemination donor sperm, if the center staff, due to their negligence, did not conduct additional diagnostics of the biomaterial.

Household methods of infection with chlamydia

Transmission of chlamydia to humans from animals

Transmission of chlamydia to humans from animals

Sometimes the culprit in transmitting a dangerous disease is not a person, but an animal, which may be in close contact with the owner or person working with animals. But the causative agent in this case is special types chlamydia affecting the eyes (chlamydial conjunctivitis) or the respiratory tract (chlamydial pneumonia). Carriers are cats and birds.

Both adults and children who like to hold different animals in their arms, even despite parental prohibitions, are at risk. It's essentially a disease dirty hands when the child rubs his eyes or puts his fingers in his mouth. Cases of this type of transmission of chlamydia are rare and easily treatable because they have special symptoms.

Poor hygiene

The household route of transmission of chlamydia includes the fact of neglecting hygiene rules or the forced use of objects of a sick person. Penetration into the body is possible through the mucous membranes of the eyes, genitals, and mouth, if the bacterium reaches the throat. The cause of damage through everyday life is trivial things:

Dirty hands that they forgot to wash before eating or the child rubbed his eyes with them, put them in his mouth on the street or in other public places. For example, he did not wash his hands after visiting the toilet, where he touched the toilet rim.

Using a toothbrush or washcloth from someone else who is infected with chlamydia. A moist environment allows the bacterium to remain viable for several hours or days. If circumstances arise that force you to use someone else’s items, care should be taken to disinfect them.

Use public toilet- a direct route for chlamydia to enter the genitals from the rim of the toilet bowl or door handles, if they were used by an infected person.

Underwear is a route of transmission of chlamydia if panties have not been treated high temperature, for example, an iron. By using other people's things, you can get a portion of chlamydia that was left on the linen from the real owner.

The pathogen may enter the body through food if poultry meat prepared in violation of the thermal regime is served. Dirty fruit from street stands may be contaminated with chlamydia. But these cases are rare.

Public baths and saunas can be a breeding ground for chlamydia pathogens if the staff does not follow the rules for cleaning and disinfecting the premises. But this route of infection is rare.

Cases of household chlamydia are extremely rare compared to sexual transmission, but they should still not be forgotten in order to eliminate the risk of infection.

This method of infection is relevant only for one type of bacteria - Chlamydia pneumoniae. It parasitizes only on the walls of the respiratory tract, causing a specific disease, chlamydial pneumonia.

Every year, about 100 million people from all over the world become infected with chlamydia. According to numerous studies and WHO data, chlamydial infection is considered the most common pathology transmitted through sexual contact. This is due to the almost imperceptible course of the disease and the long-term existence of bacteria in the body without severe symptoms.

Most often, chlamydia infection occurs through sexual contact. Infection with chlamydia is also possible through household, airborne and contact routes.

Is chlamydia transmitted through household means, what methods of transmission of chlamydia infection exist, and how to avoid infection with chlamydia - we’ll talk about this in the article.

Methods of infection with chlamydia

Depending on the state of the immune system, the nature and characteristics of the infection, chlamydia has the following routes of infection:

Sexual tract

This is the most common way of acquiring chlamydial infection, occurring in 70-90% of cases. Unprotected vaginal, anal or oral intimacy leads to the fact that the carrier of the infection, who may not be aware of the disease, infects his sexual partners. With a single sexual intercourse, the probability of contracting the virus is more than 60%. Through mucous membranes lower sections urogenital system, rectum, oral cavity, chlamydia penetrates the human body, after which, together with lymph or blood, they spread to other organs and functional systems.

Household way

Is it possible to become infected with chlamydia through household methods? There are no officially confirmed medical facts on this question. However, some studies have shown that chlamydia can be stored on household objects for 24 hours (fabric, toilet lid, etc.) and penetrate the body of a healthy person. In this case, the room temperature should be within 18-20 degrees. Therefore, the likelihood of infection with chlamydia in everyday life is still present.

Mostly household chlamydia affects the mucous membranes of the eyes and genitourinary system. Chlamydial infection is resistant to environmental influences, so when personal hygiene and household items are used together, mass infection can occur. Infection is also possible through water in public showers, swimming pools, and ponds.

Contact path

Contact infection with chlamydia occurs through the uterus in the following situations:

Surgical termination of pregnancy;
Installation of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD);
Using a urinary catheter (men are predominantly infected this way).

Chlamydia can also enter the uterine cavity along with sperm from an infected partner.

Airborne path

Chlamydia infection can enter the body through the lungs. In this case, the disease is epidemic or sporadic (non-permanent) in nature. The following types of chlamydia are most often transmitted in this way:

Chlamydophila pneumoniae - from an infected person, affecting the lungs and bronchi;
Chlamydophila abortus - through the meat of an infected animal, through dust;
Chlamydophila felis - through injuries caused by an infected cat;
Chlamydophila psittaci - from birds.

Another common route of infection with chlamydia is from a mother to a newborn child who suffered the disease during pregnancy.

Once in the human body, the virus provokes the development of inflammatory processes in the bladder, prostate and testicles, as well as female and male infertility. If an infected woman becomes pregnant due to infection, its progression leads to miscarriage. With repeated infections with chlamydia, the risk of adverse consequences increases.

How to avoid getting chlamydia

Since chlamydia is most often transmitted through sexual contact, the right way To avoid infection - to have a regular sexual partner. However, this also has its own nuances - your partner may have other intimate relationships or be infected before you met.

It is impossible to completely protect yourself using barrier contraception (condoms). Chlamydia is not transmitted through a condom, but there are other ways of contracting the infection when using this contraceptive:

Some people use a condom only before ejaculation, and not during the entire sexual encounter;
The contraceptive is put on immediately before sexual intercourse. In this case, the infection can get on the bed during foreplay (foreplay);
Damage to the condom;
Incorrect use;
Repeated use.

When visiting swimming pools or public showers, you need to use only your own hygiene items (towel, washcloth, soap).

Unlike genital and oral, household chlamydia is less common. If you adhere to the rules of personal hygiene and use individual products for the mucous membranes of the genitals, mouth and eyes, the risk of infection with chlamydia is significantly reduced.

If you notice the first signs of chlamydia infection, contact a venereologist who, through laboratory diagnostics, will determine the type of infection and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Chlamydia is a disease that is sexually transmitted. The pathology ranks first in prevalence among non-gonococcal inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system.

A favorable environment for the growth and reproduction of chlamydia in the cells of the epithelium, rectum, vagina, and cervix.

The infectious process can proceed torpidly and hidden. The latter is dangerous due to the absence of pronounced symptoms, which leads to the development of irreversible complications in the patient.

The incubation period for the disease ranges from 3 days to 3 weeks.

The clinic is similar to gonorrhea and pathological processes occurring in the genitourinary system.

You can become the “happy owner” of chlamydia without having an intimate relationship with an infected person. Let’s take a closer look at how you can become infected with chlamydia and whether it is possible to protect yourself from this unpleasant pathology.

The likelihood of becoming infected at home

Many people are interested in whether it is possible to become infected with chlamydia through household means. It all depends on the method of contact.

It is believed that chlamydia, due to the lack of a cell membrane, is not stable in the external environment and dies when exposed to room temperature. But, in some cases, at temperatures above 18 * C, the bacterium can live in the environment for up to 2 days.

Is chlamydia transmitted through household contact? How can you become infected without entering into intimacy with a person?

Adults become infected:

Depending on the route of transmission, chlamydia can provoke the development of:

Pharyngitis;
Proctitis;
Pelvioperitonitis;
Ophtholmochlamydia;
Chlamydia bronchitis;
Chlamydial pneumonia.

Infection through direct contact

Infection of a healthy person at home is possible through direct contact with a patient or his personal hygiene items. Statistics confirm this fact: About a quarter of infections occur through contact and household transmission.

For example, infection can occur when talking with a sick person. If during a conversation the patient sneezes or coughs, chlamydia enters the environment.

When inhaled by a healthy person, microorganisms penetrate the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and throat.

This fact leads to bronchitis or caused by chlamydia.

For safety reasons, healthy person It is recommended to use antiviral ointments during flu and colds.

Is it possible to get infected in a bathhouse and swimming pool?

If microorganisms are unstable in the external environment, can you get chlamydia in the pool? Regarding public places, with high humidity, you should be careful.

Chlamydia thrives on damp towels, washcloths and in water, which is rarely changed and disinfected.

Is it possible to get chlamydia in a bathhouse? Yes, high humidity levels, despite temperature values, increase the risk of infection with chlamydia.

Never use other people's hygiene products intended for personal use.

Prevention of infection

You can protect yourself from infection by following simple rules that are familiar to everyone. Unfortunately, not everyone takes into account the fact that infection occurs not only through sexual contact. Knowing how chlamydia is transmitted in everyday life, you can protect yourself from infection.

You must:

Important! If an infection is detected in one of the family members, everyone living with the patient must undergo examination and treatment!
Everyone knows that disease is easier to prevent, but unfortunately, simple rules are sometimes neglected.

Chlamydia is an infectious disease classified as sexually transmitted. According to medical research, this particular disease is difficult to diagnose, so it is detected when patients come to see a doctor for various reasons or for a preventive examination. If 30 years ago gonococcal infection (gonorrhea) was at the first level of the ranking of the frequency of diagnosed sexually transmitted diseases, then in the last 8 years chlamydia has been confidently leading.

Routes of infection

Chlamydia (the source of infection) has its own classification - they are different types, but differ only in cellular structure. Each type provokes the development of infection in certain organs and systems - for example, chlamydia can develop not only in the genitals, but also in the eyes.

Chlamydia cannot exist outside human body, therefore, infection through household means (through a handshake, dishes and towels) is impossible. Please note: chlamydia can only be contracted during sexual intercourse with a sick partner, both during vaginal and anal sex, but the oral method of satisfying physiological needs is considered safe in terms of chlamydia.

After these pathogens penetrate the genitals, the incubation period begins - no symptoms of the disease are observed for 1-3 weeks. The patient does not make any complaints, his health is excellent, and at this time chlamydia strengthens in the body and begins to multiply.

Important: if a woman is infected with chlamydia during pregnancy, then there is a high risk of infection of the baby - he will be infected during the passage of the birth canal.

Scheme of fetal infection with chlamydia during pregnancy:

Signs of chlamydia

The greatest danger of the sexually transmitted infection in question is that it can be almost asymptomatic . Of course, there are some signs of pathology, but only an attentive person can notice them:

For men infected with chlamydia, the following are typical:

during urination, pain and burning appear in the urethra;
the first drop of urine excreted may be very cloudy - it feels like it is “thick”;
During ejaculation, mild bleeding may appear;
in some cases, hyperthermia (increased body temperature) and general weakness appear.

Women can pay attention to:

pathologically altered vaginal discharge - leucorrhoea becomes yellowish and has an unpleasant odor;
a burning sensation is felt when urinating;
rarely, but there are complaints of itching in the urethra;
There may be a short-term increase in body temperature.

Please note: Not only are the above symptoms most often mild, but they can disappear without a trace after 10-14 days. But this does not mean a complete cure - the disease simply “hidden”.

Typically, chlamydia in women manifests itself as a sudden development of inflammatory diseases:

If chlamydia is suspected, the patient is prescribed tests. The most reliable method for detecting chlamydia is PCR (polymerase chain reaction), it gives almost 100% accuracy. In addition, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used - this helps to detect not the microorganism itself - chlamydia, but antibodies to chlamydia - IgG, IgM, IgA. In this case, antibodies are detected in the blood or in the discharge of the genital organs. The main advantage of the ELISA method is its ability to identify the severity of the process. The disadvantage of the method is low sensitivity - only 60%.

Explanation of the ELISA test for chlamydia:

Treatment methods for chlamydia

Treatment of chlamydia cannot be called unambiguous - it is selected on a strictly individual basis, taking into account general condition the patient’s health, level of immunity, concomitant diseases, possible hypersensitivity or individual intolerance to specific medications. But there is also a general treatment regimen for the infectious disease in question, which implies an integrated approach to solving the problem.

Antibacterial drugs

We are talking about antibiotics - without their use it is impossible to achieve complete relief from chlamydial infection. Since pathogenic microorganisms develop directly in the cells of the body, you need to take those medications that are capable of destroying bacteria intracellularly:

Macrolides;
Tetracycline series;
Fluoroquinolones.

If a patient is diagnosed with a mixed infection (for example, chlamydia is diagnosed simultaneously with trichomoniasis or gonorrhea), then doctors must select antibacterial drugs that will act in a complex manner.

Standard treatment regimen for chlamydia:

Antifungal drugs

Chlamydia is often combined with a fungal disease - in this case, you will also need to undergo a course of antimycotic (antifungal) therapy. Please note: in the treatment of chlamydia, antifungal agents are taken in tablets - for example, Pimafucin, Nystatin and others.

Immunomodulatory agents

When treating chlamydia, drugs that can increase and strengthen immunity must be prescribed. Very effective in this case will be Taquitin, Methyluracil, Cycloferon and Polyoxidonium, which have the following properties:

increase the body's resistance to infections;
increase the amount of antibodies;
reduce the time required for therapeutic manipulations;
reduce the likelihood of similar effects of essential drugs.

Probiotics and Enzymes

Since chlamydial infection involves a fairly long period of taking powerful, potent medications, care must be taken to preserve the normal functionality of the intestines and the entire gastrointestinal tract. Doctors may recommend the following medications::

probiotics: Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin, Hilak Forte and others;
hepatoprotectors (they protect the liver from damage by toxins): Phosphogliv and Essentiale Forte;
enzyme preparations (normalize the digestion process): Mezim, Festal, Krion and others;
bacteriophages: Proteus, Coliphage, Intestibacteriophage.

Local therapy

To obtain quick results in the treatment of chlamydia, you can actively use topical medications. For women, vaginal tablets, suppositories and applicators can be prescribed, but prescriptions for men are limited only to ointments, creams and gels.

Please note: Prescription of topical medications should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor - it is necessary to exclude hypersensitivity and/or individual intolerance to medications. Otherwise allergic reaction can be rapid - anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema.

Both women and men should not focus only on taking medications - they, of course, have a quick effect, but they will not be able to completely get rid of the infection and restore the body. Doctors give the following recommendations:

Adjust your diet. It is necessary to adhere to a dairy-free diet - for the period of treatment, refuse milk, yoghurt, mayonnaise, kefir and in general any products that may contain lactic bacteria. The fact is that they do not allow antibiotics to “work” fully, and the result will be that chlamydia becomes addicted to medications.
Get physical therapy. Laser magnetic and ultrasound effects help to recover faster after severe treatment, but they can be prescribed only after the end of drug therapy.
Avoid sexual activity. A ban on sexual activity is imposed for the entire period of treatment.
Traditional medicine. Not a single prescription from the treatment category traditional methods will not be able to get rid of the infectious disease in question, but it will help to significantly reduce the intensity of discomfort. For example, itching and burning in the perineal area can be relieved with baths of decoctions of medicinal plants: succession, coltsfoot, and chamomile.

Possible complications of chlamydia

Doctors recognize chlamydia as a rather dangerous infection because it is practically asymptomatic and has a negative impact on the functioning of the reproductive system of both men and women.

Complications in women

Depending on where the chlamydial infection is localized, the following complications of an untreated disease may develop:

Salpingo-oophoritis. If the infection was “concentrated” in the ovaries or fallopian tubes, then the development of the inflammatory process will occur in this area of the reproductive system. The danger of such inflammatory processes lies in the high risk of developing adhesive disease, which leads to persistent female infertility.
Endocervicitis. Occurs when chlamydia is localized on the cervix and can provoke the development of cancer.
Endometritis. The inflammatory process in the deep layers of the endometrium (tissue lining the inner cavity of the uterus) can cause habitual miscarriages.

In addition, chlamydia can provoke the occurrence of joint diseases and chronic conjunctivitis. A woman begins to experience severe discomfort and pain during sexual relations - they fade away, excessive irritability and unmotivated attacks of aggression appear. Then, as the infection spreads and the problem worsens, the woman may experience depression, chronic fatigue - in general, the level of activity in life decreases significantly.

Complications in men

If a man has a chronic form of chlamydia, then he can high probability expect development:

. This is an inflammatory process in the prostate gland, which can be accompanied by acute urinary retention and provoke the development of male infertility.
. Inflammation of the urethra (urethra) leads to itching, burning and problems with urination; in the future, not only prostatitis, but also prostate adenoma (tumor) can develop.
Epididymitis. Pathological damage to the epididymis, which ultimately leads to male infertility.

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection that can be diagnosed even in a completely healthy patient; this disease occurs regardless of a person’s social status and lifestyle. But if chlamydia was detected in a timely manner and the patient’s treatment regimen was strictly followed, then a complete cure is possible in 30-40 days, and without any complications.