Unified State Exam type tasks on the topic of morality. Morality

Social science. A complete course of preparation for the Unified State Exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.15. Morality

1.15. Morality

Morality – 1) form public consciousness, consisting of a system of values ​​and requirements that regulate people’s behavior; 2) the system of norms, ideals, principles accepted in society, and its expression in real life people. Moral– principles of real practical behavior of people. Ethics – philosophical science, the subject of which is morality, morality.

Approaches to the Origin of Morality

– Naturalistic: considers morality as a simple continuation, a complication of the group feelings of animals that ensure the survival of the species in the struggle for existence. Representatives of naturalism in ethics reduce the social to the biological, erasing the qualitative line that distinguishes the human psyche from the animal.

– Religious-idealistic: views morality as a gift from God.

– Sociological: considers morality as a phenomenon that arose along with communication and collective labor actions and ensures their regulation. The main reasons that gave rise to the need for moral regulation are the development and complexity of social relations: the emergence of a surplus product and the need for its distribution; gender and age division of labor; identification of clans within the tribe; streamlining sexual relations, etc.

Morality rests on three important foundations:

* Traditions, customs, morals, which have developed in a given society, in the environment of a given class, social group. A person learns these morals, traditional norms of behavior that become a habit and become the property of spiritual world personality. They are realized in his behavior, the motives of which are formulated as follows: “this is how it is accepted” or “this is not accepted”, “this is how everyone does it”, “like people, so do I”, “this is how things have been done since ancient times”, etc.

*Relies on the strength of public opinion, which, by approving some actions and condemning others, regulates the behavior of an individual and teaches him to comply with moral standards. The instruments of public opinion are, on the one hand, honor, good name, public recognition, which become a consequence of a person’s conscientious fulfillment of his duties, his strict adherence to the moral norms of a given society; on the other hand, shame, shaming a person who has violated moral standards.

*Based on consciousness of each individual, on her understanding of the need to reconcile personal and public interests. This determines voluntary choice, voluntariness of behavior, which occurs when conscience becomes a solid basis for the moral behavior of an individual.

In relation to a person's personality, morality is internal shape self-regulation by an individual of his behavior. Morality is disinterested, personal, represents a special kind of knowledge, and is an essential characteristic of spiritual knowledge.

Moral consciousness is of a value nature. It is oriented toward a certain absolute moral ideal that arises in society, but is taken beyond its boundaries, acting as a criterion and assessment of both social phenomena and individual human behavior and his motives.

Moral standard is aimed at developing certain moral qualities in a person: the desire for goodness and self-improvement, helping other people, courage, being ready to endure hardships and fight for the truth. A norm is understood as such a prescription (decision, instruction, instruction, directive, order, program, etc.), with which a certain action must (may or may not) be performed in order to achieve specified goals.

Moral norm determines socially necessary typical options for moral behavior; a means that gives orientation to the human personality, indicates which offenses are acceptable and preferable and which should be avoided.

The main property of moral norms is their imperativeness (imperativeness). They express moral requirements. One and the same norm, say, the requirement of justice, can be expressed simultaneously both in the form of a prohibition and as a positive instruction: “don’t lie,” “tell only the truth.” Norms are addressed to a person, to his activities and behavior. A conscious set of norms is defined as moral code. The main elements of a moral code are the following: socially significant instructions, attitude-orientation, the individual’s readiness for proper requirements and objective conditions that allow the implementation of appropriate proper behavior.

Another component of a moral code is value orientations: 1) moral significance, the dignity of an individual (a group of persons, a collective) and its actions or moral characteristics public institutions; 2) value ideas related to the field of moral consciousness - ideals, concepts of good and evil, justice, happiness.

Motivation, assessment and self-esteem. Motivation, assessment and self-esteem – important ways moral regulation of people's behavior. Motive is a morally conscious impulse to engage in activities related to satisfying the needs of the subject. Motivation- a system of motives interconnected in a certain way, meaning a preference for certain values, goals in the moral choice of an individual, a conscious determination of the line of one’s behavior.

Moral assessment allows you to determine the value of an action, a person’s behavior, their compliance with certain norms, principles, and ideals; This is an independent determination of the value of one’s behavior, one’s motives and actions. It is closely related to the sense of conscience and duty and acts as an important tool of self-control.

Conscience– the ability of an individual to exercise moral self-control, independently formulate moral duties for himself, demand that he fulfill them, and make a self-assessment of his actions; is an expression moral self-awareness and well-being of the individual; allows a person to realize his moral responsibility to himself as a subject of moral choice and to other people, society as a whole.

Duty- This is the relationship of the individual to society. The individual acts here as an active bearer of certain moral responsibilities to society.

Functions of morality

* Worldview. Morality develops a system of value orientations: norms, prohibitions, assessments, ideals, which become a necessary component of social consciousness, orient the individual, express preference for certain norms and the command to act in accordance with them.

* Cognitive. She is not identical scientific knowledge, orients a person in the world of surrounding cultural values, predetermines the preference of those that meet his needs and interests.

* Regulatory. Morality acts as a way of regulating people's behavior in work, in everyday life, in politics, in science, in family, intra-group and other relationships. It authorizes and supports certain social foundations, a way of life, or requires their change. Morality rests on the strength of public opinion. Moral sanctions are more flexible, varied, and come in the form of not only coercion, persuasion, but also approval by public opinion.

* Estimated. Morality considers the world, phenomena and processes from the point of view of their humanistic potential. A morally evaluative attitude towards reality is its comprehension in the concepts of good and evil, as well as in other concepts adjacent to them or derived from them (“justice” and “injustice”, “honor” and “dishonor”, ​​“nobility” and “baseness” etc.). Moreover, the specific form of expression of moral assessment can be different: praise, agreement, blame, criticism, expressed in value judgments; showing approval or disapproval.

* Educational. By concentrating the moral experience of humanity, morality makes it the property of every new generation of people. Morality permeates all types of education insofar as it gives them the correct social orientation through moral ideals and goals, which ensures a harmonious combination of personal and social interests.

* Motivational. Moral principles motivate human behavior, i.e. they act as reasons and motivations that make a person want to do or not do something.

* Controlling. Control over the implementation of norms based on public condemnation and/or the conscience of the person himself.

* Coordination. Morality ensures unity and consistency in the interactions of people in a wide variety of circumstances.

* Integrating. Maintaining the unity of humanity and the integrity of the human spiritual world.

Moral requirements and ideas

– norms of behavior (“don’t lie”, “don’t steal”, “don’t kill”, “honor your elders”, etc.);

– moral qualities (benevolence, justice, wisdom, etc.);

– moral principles (collectivism – individualism; egoism – altruism, etc.);

– moral and psychological mechanisms (duty, conscience);

– highest moral values ​​(goodness, meaning of life, freedom, happiness).

Moral culture personalities– degree of perception by the individual moral consciousness and culture of society. The structure of a person’s moral culture: culture of ethical thinking, culture of feelings, culture of behavior, etiquette.

Morality manifests itself in understanding the opposition of good and evil. Good is understood as the most important personal and social value and correlates with a person’s desire to maintain the unity of interpersonal connections and achieve moral perfection. If good is creative, then evil is everything that destroys interpersonal connections and decomposes inner world person.

Human freedom, his ability to choose between good and evil, is called moral choice. A person is responsible to society and to himself (his conscience) for the consequences of his moral choice.

Differences between moral norms and customs and legal norms: 1) following a custom presupposes unquestioning and literal submission to its requirements, moral norms presuppose a person’s meaningful and free choice; 2) customs are different for different nations, eras, social groups, morality is universal, it sets general norms for all humanity; 3) the implementation of customs is often based on habit and fear of the disapproval of others, morality is based on a sense of duty and is supported by a sense of shame and remorse.

Unlike other manifestations of the spiritual life of society (science, art, religion), morality is not a sphere of organized activity: there are no institutions in society that would ensure the functioning and development of morality. Moral requirements and assessments penetrate into all areas human life and activities.

Universal Moral Principles

1. The talion principle. IN Old Testament The talion formula is expressed as follows: “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” In primitive society, talion was carried out in the form of blood feud, and the punishment had to strictly correspond to the harm caused.

2. The principle of morality. The golden rule of morality can be found among the sayings of the ancient sages: Buddha, Confucius, Thales, Muhammad, Christ. In the most general view this rule looks like this: “(Don’t) act towards others as you (wouldn’t) want them to act towards you.” The commandment of love becomes the main universal principle in Christianity.

3. The principle of the golden mean presented in works Aristotle: Avoid extremes and keep it in moderation. All moral virtues are the mean between two vices (for example, courage is located between cowardice and recklessness) and go back to the virtue of moderation, which allows a person to curb his passions with the help of reason.

4. The Greatest Happiness Principle (I. Bentham, J. Mill): everyone should behave in such a way as to ensure the greatest happiness for the largest number people. An action is moral if the benefit from it outweighs the harm.

5. Principle of justice (J. Rawls): Every person should have equal rights with regard to fundamental freedoms; social and economic inequalities must be adjusted to the benefit of the poor.

Each universal principle expresses a certain moral ideal, which is mainly understood as philanthropy.

Amoralism

IN modern society V popular culture and through the media, the belief is often introduced that there are different moralities, that what was previously considered immoral can now be completely acceptable and permissible. This indicates an erosion of the strictness of the moral criterion, clarity and clarity in distinguishing between good and evil. The loss of morality leads to the destruction of the very basis of sociality, connections between people, laws and norms. In the end everything collapses social system, imperceptibly and gradually undermined from within.

Immorality associated with the concepts of selfishness, passion and sin. Passions (mental, physical) are what lead along the path opposite to virtue and self-knowledge.

In order for society to progress in its development, the unity of civil society and its fight against immorality in all its manifestations is necessary. It must be carried out through upbringing, education, spiritual development, persuasion and education. Violence is impossible in the moral sphere, just as goodness with fists is impossible, although it must be active.

Morality in a pickup truck (Dmitry Novikov) Pickup is an activity that is criticized by millions. Many people say that pickup trucks are immoral. I agree, pickup is immoral. But what is morality? Morality is a type of religion established in society and accepted by different people from different

Moral. Ethics. Moral See also “The Ten Commandments”, “Good and Evil”, “Goal and Means”, “Man to Man” Two things always fill the soul with new and ever stronger surprise and awe, the more often and longer we think about them - this is starry sky is necessary