January 15 Orthodox. Orthodox church holidays of January

The holidays continue, there is no fasting.

Forefeast of Epiphany.

Today the repose in 1833 and the second discovery of the relics in 1991 of St. Seraphim, the Wonderworker of Sarov.

Also commemorated: St. Sylvester I, Pope and smch. Theogen Bishop of Paria (IV); St. Sylvester of Pechersk, resting in the Near Caves (XII); right Juliania Lazarevskaya, Muromskaya (XVI); martyr Vasily Petrov, tortured in 1942.

We congratulate the birthday people on Angel's Day.

Brothers and sisters, today we prayerfully address one of the most beloved and revered saints in Rus' - St. Seraphim, the Wonderworker of Sarov. Today the convent in Diveevo is filled with special joy, because there is a special celebration there today.

At the age of seventeen, the young man had already firmly decided to leave the world, and his mother blessed him for monastic feat with her copper cross, which the monk did not part with until the end of his life. Elder Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Dosifei blessed Prokhor to go for safety to the Sarov Assumption Hermitage, on the border of the Nizhny Novgorod and Tambov provinces, known for the strict implementation of monastic rules and the ascetic life of the inhabitants. After two years of monastic labors and feats of obedience, Prokhor fell seriously ill and refused the help of doctors for a long time. Three years later, the Mother of God appeared to him with the apostles Peter and John and healed him. On August 18, 1786, the novice took monastic vows with the name Seraphim and in December 1787 was ordained to the rank of hierodeacon. Already at that time, the young ascetic was honored during divine services to behold the holy Angels and our Lord Jesus Christ Himself, coming through the air surrounded by Heavenly Powers.

In 1793, Saint Seraphim was ordained to the rank of hieromonk and began the feat of desert living and solitary prayer in a forest cell, on the banks of the Sarovka River. The devil intensified his warfare against the ascetic, and the monk took upon himself the feat of pillar-making. For a thousand days and nights, with raised hands, he prayed on a stone with the prayer of a publican: “God, be merciful to me, a sinner.” The devil, powerless to spiritually overthrow the ascetic, sent robbers against the monk, who inflicted severe wounds on him, but the Mother of God appeared and healed him for the third time, although the elder remained bent for the rest of his life. Upon recovery Venerable Seraphim For three years he labored as a feat of silence, and in 1810, after a 15-year stay in the desert, he secluded himself in a monastery cell.

For his love of God, humility and exploits, the Monk Seraphim was awarded the spiritual gifts of clairvoyance and miracle-working. On November 25, 1825, the Mother of God with Saints Clement of Rome and Peter of Alexandria appeared to the ascetic and allowed him to finish his retreat. Reverend Elder began to receive those who came to him for blessings, advice and spiritual consolation, lovingly greeting everyone: “Christ is risen, my joy!”

The Monk Seraphim looked after and led the sisters of the Diveevo monastery and, at the direction of the Mother of God, founded a separate Seraphim-Diveevo mill community for the girls. The Queen of Heaven announced to the ascetic in advance about his departure to the heavenly abodes. IN Last year During his life, the Monk Seraphim began to noticeably weaken and spoke to many about his imminent death. At this time, he was often seen at the coffin, which stood in the entryway of his cell and which he had prepared for himself. The monk himself indicated the place where he should be buried - near the altar of the Assumption Cathedral.

On January 1, 1833, the Monk Seraphim came to the hospital church for the last time for the liturgy and received communion of the Holy Mysteries, after which he blessed the brethren and said goodbye, saying: “Save yourself, do not lose heart, stay awake, today crowns are being prepared for us.” On January 2nd cell attendant Reverend's father At six o'clock in the morning Paul left his cell, heading to church, and smelled a burning smell coming from the monk's cell; Candles were always burning in the saint’s cell, and he said: “As long as I am alive, there will be no fire, but when I die, my death will be revealed by fire.” When the doors were opened, it turned out that books and other things were smoldering, and the monk himself was kneeling before the icon of the Mother of God in a position of prayer, but already lifeless. During prayer, his pure soul was taken from the earth to the Throne of God Almighty, whose faithful servant and servant the Monk Seraphim was all his life. Through the prayers of St. Seraphim, numerous signs and healings were performed at his grave, and in 1903 the glorification of the saint of God took place.

Brothers and sisters, how to convey that fatherly love What does the holy elder Seraphim pour out on everyone who flows to his prayerful intercession? He is our father, he is our elder. His phrase alone, “Acquire a peaceful spirit and thousands around you will be saved,” is enough to understand the depth of his ascetic life and realize the colossal influence of St. Seraphim on the entire life of our Church.

Reverend Father Seraphim, pray to God for us.

Deacon Mikhail Kudryavtsev

15 January(January 2 old style)

34th Week after Pentecost. The voice is clear.

St. Sylvester, Pope (335).

Holy Pope Sylvester (314-335) born in Rome from Christian parents Rufinus and Justa. Soon his father died, and the saint remained in the care of his mother.
Sylvester's teacher, Presbyter Quirin, gave him a good education and raised him as a true Christian. Having reached adulthood, Sylvester began to fulfill the Lord’s commandment to serve his neighbors, especially taking care of receiving strangers, providing them with shelter and rest in his home.
During the persecution of Christians, Sylvester was not afraid to accept the holy confessor Bishop Timothy, who lived with him for more than a year and with his preaching converted many to Christ.
After the martyrdom of Timothy, Sylvester secretly took the body of the saint and honorably buried him. This became known to the mayor Tarquinius; the saint was captured and brought to trial.
At the age of thirty, Saint Sylvester was accepted into the clergy of the Roman Church and ordained to the rank of deacon, and then presbyter, by Pope Marcellinus (296-304). After the death of Pope Melchiades (311-314), Saint Sylvester was elected Bishop of Rome. He zealously cared for the purity of life of his flock, making sure that the elders strictly fulfilled their ministry, not being burdened by worldly affairs.
Saint Sylvester was famous as a deep expert on the Holy Scriptures and an unwavering defender Christian faith. During the reign of Emperor Constantine the Great, when the period of persecution ended for the Church, the Jews staged a debate about true faith, which was attended by the saint Equal-to-the-Apostles King Constantine, his mother, the holy queen Helen, and a large retinue. On the part of the Christians, Pope Sylvester spoke, and on the part of the Jews there were many learned rabbis, led by Zamri, a warlock and sorcerer. Based Holy books Old Testament Saint Sylvester convincingly proved that all the prophets predicted the Nativity of Jesus Christ from the Unartificed Virgin, His free suffering, death for the redemption of the fallen human race and the glorious Resurrection. In this verbal competition the saint was declared the winner. Then Zamri tried to resort to sorcery, but the saint prevented the evil, calling on the Name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Zamri and the rest of the Jews believed in Christ and asked to perform holy Baptism on them.

Saint Pope Sylvester ruled the Roman Church for more than twenty years, enjoying the deep respect of Christians. He died peacefully at a ripe old age in 335. (1604).

Right Juliania Lazarevskaya, Muromskaya Righteous Juliania Lazarevskaya, Muromskaya
, is an amazing example of a selfless Russian Christian. She was the daughter of the nobleman Justin Nedyurov. From a young age she lived piously, fasted strictly and devoted a lot of time to prayer. Orphaned early, she was given to the care of relatives who did not understand her and laughed at her. Juliania endured everything patiently and resignedly. Her love for people was expressed in the fact that she often cared for the sick and sewed clothes for the poor. Pious and virtuous life
The husband's parents fell in love with the meek daughter-in-law and transferred the management of the house into her hands. Household worries did not interrupt Juliana’s spiritual exploits. She always found time for prayer and was always ready to feed orphans and clothe the poor. During times of severe famine, being left without food herself, she gave the last piece to the one asking. When an epidemic began following the famine, Juliana devoted herself entirely to caring for the sick.
Righteous Juliana had six sons and a daughter. After the death of her two sons, she decided to retire to a monastery, but her husband persuaded her to stay in the world to continue raising her children. According to the testimony of Juliania’s son, Kallistrat Osorin, who wrote her life, at this time she became even more demanding of herself: she intensified her fasting and prayer, slept no more than two hours at night, putting a log under her head.
After the death of her husband, Juliana distributed her part of the inheritance to the poor. Living in extreme poverty, she nevertheless was always cheerful, friendly and thanked the Lord for everything.

The saint was honored with a visit from St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and the instruction of the Mother of God in temple prayer. When righteous Juliana departed to the Lord, she was buried next to her husband in the Church of St. Lazarus. Her daughter, schema-nun Theodosia, was also buried here. In 1614, the relics of the righteous were found, exuding fragrant myrrh, from which many received healing.(1942).
Mch. Vasily St. Sylvester of Pechersk, in the Near Caves
(XII). Sschmch. Theogen, bishop. Parian
(approx. 320)..
St. Gerasim, Patriarch of Alexandria
St. Theopemta..
St. Theodora, mother of the silverless. Cosmas and Damian
St. Mark, deaf and dumb..
Mch. Sergius in Caesarea Cappadocia
Mch. Theoktista..
St. Cosmas, Archbishop. of Constantinople.
St. Amun of Tavenni Novomoch. Zarsis

(Greek).
* Forefeast of Epiphany. * Saint Sylvester, Pope of Rome (335). Righteous Juliana Lazarevskaya, Murom (1604). *** Repose (1833), second discovery of the relics (1991) of St. Seraphim, the Wonderworker of Sarov.

Hieromartyr Theogenes, Bishop of Paria (c. 320). Saints Theopemptos, Mark the Deaf, Peter of Rome. Martyr Sergius (304). Venerable Sylvester of Pechersk, in the Near Caves (XII). Martyrs Theopistus, Modestus, Zacchaeus, Zorzis (1770). Saints Theodota, Isidora.

Saint Sylvester, Pope of Rome Saint Sylvester lived at the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 4th centuries. and was pope, or patriarch, in Rome. The word dad s means father. Currently, this name belongs to the patriarchs of Alexandria and Rome. Roman Catholics consider their pope to be the visible head of the Church, the vicar of Christ on earth, the bishop of bishops and infallible in matters of faith. The Orthodox Church honors only those Roman popes who became famous for their holy lives before the Roman Church fell away (in 1054) from the holy Orthodox Church. Such was Saint Sylvester (a contemporary of the Equal-to-the-Apostles Emperor Constantine). St. was born Sylvester in Rome from pious parents. His parents gave him a pious upbringing, and he was especially distinguished by his love for the poor and strangers. The mayor Tarquin forced Sylvester to renounce Christ and subjected him to various torments for his firmness. But the saint predicted the death of Tarquin. Then Christians began to respect Sylvester even more; many of the pagans were carried away by his conversations about faith and turned to Christ. At the age of 30, Sylvester entered the clergy and soon became a priest and then a bishop. He was a most zealous shepherd and was famous as a deep expert on the Holy Scriptures. Scripture and the unwavering defender of the faith of Christ. At the competition he repeatedly refuted the learned Jews and pagans. He baptized Tsar Constantine. Having ruled the Roman Church for more than 20 years, St. Sylvester died peacefully in 335. Most of His relics are kept in Rome, in the church named after him.

Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Wonderworker

The Monk Seraphim of Sarov, in the world Prokhor, was born on July 19, 1759 in the city of Kursk into a pious merchant family. His entire life was marked by signs of God's mercy. When, as a child, his mother took him with her to build a temple and he fell from the bell tower, the Lord kept him unharmed. During the illness of the boy, the Mother of God, in a dream vision, promised her mother to heal him. Soon, near their house, the Kursk Root Icon of the “Sign” of the Most Holy Theotokos was carried in a religious procession, the mother carried the sick man out, he venerated the icon and after that he quickly recovered (kontakion 3). At the age of seventeen, the young man had already firmly decided to leave the world, and his mother blessed him for the monastic feat with her copper cross, which the monk did not part with until the end of his life (kontakion 2). The elder of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Dositheus (Reverend Dosithea) blessed Prokhor to go to the Sarov Assumption Hermitage, on the border of the Nizhny Novgorod and Tambov provinces, known for the strict implementation of monastic rules and the ascetic life of the inhabitants (ikos 3). After two years of monastic labors and feats of obedience, Prokhor fell seriously ill and refused the help of doctors for a long time. Three years later, the Mother of God appeared to him with the apostles Peter and John and healed him (kontakion 5).
Reverend Seraphim of Sarov On August 18, 1786, the novice took monastic vows with the name Seraphim (“Fiery”) and in December 1787 was ordained to the rank of hierodeacon. Already at that time, the young ascetic was honored during divine services to see the holy Angels and our Lord Jesus Christ Himself coming through the air, surrounded by the Heavenly Forces (ikos 6). In 1793, Saint Seraphim was ordained to the rank of hieromonk and began the feat of desert living and solitary prayer in a forest cell, on the banks of the Sarovka River (kontakion 6). The devil intensified his war against the ascetic, and the monk took upon himself the feat of pillar-making. For a thousand days and nights, with raised hands, he prayed on the stone: “God, be merciful to me, a sinner” (kontakion 8). Powerless to spiritually overthrow the ascetic, the devil sent robbers against the monk, who inflicted mortal wounds on him, but the Mother of God appeared and healed him for the third time (ikos 5).
Venerable Seraphim of SarovAfter his recovery, Saint Seraphim labored in the feat of silence for three years, and in 1810, after a 15-year stay in the desert, he opened himself in a monastery cell. For his love of God, humility and exploits, the Monk Seraphim was awarded the spiritual gifts of clairvoyance and miracle-working. On November 25, 1825, the Mother of God with Saints Clement of Rome and Peter of Alexandria appeared to the ascetic and allowed him to finish his retreat. The venerable elder began to receive those who came to him for blessings, advice and spiritual consolation, lovingly calling everyone: “My joy, my treasure” (kontakion and ikos 9).
The Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, as throughout his life, the Venerable Seraphim invariably based his word of edification on the word of God, the works of the holy fathers and examples from their lives, while especially honoring the holy champions and zealots of Orthodoxy. He loved to talk about Russian saints. The monk convinced everyone who turned to him to stand for the steadfastness of the faith, and explained what the purity of Orthodoxy consists of. He convinced many schismatics to abandon their errors and join the Church. The monk abundantly reinforced his teaching words with prophecies, healings and miracles. Many soldiers who received blessings from St. Seraphim testified that through his prayers they remained unharmed on the battlefield.
The Venerable Seraphim of Sarov The Venerable Seraphim looked after and led the sisters of the Diveevo monastery and, at the direction of the Mother of God, founded a separate Seraphim-Diveevo mill community for the girls. The Queen of Heaven announced to the ascetic in advance about his death, and on January 2, 1833, the Monk Seraphim gave up his soul to the Lord, during a kneeling prayer before the icon of the Mother of God (kontakion and ikos 10).
Through the prayers of St. Seraphim, numerous signs and healings were performed at his grave. On July 19, 1903, the glorification of the saint of God took place.

Finding the relics of St. Seraphim of Sarov.

Finding the relics of St. Seraphim of Sarov, wonderworker. At the beginning of the last century, at the Russian Church Orthodox Church a new bright candle was lit. The Lord was pleased to send our land a great man of prayer, ascetic and miracle worker.
In 1903, the glorification of St. Seraphim of Sarov took place, 70 years after his death. (The life of the saint was placed on January 2, the day of his repose). On July 19, the saint’s birthday, his relics were opened with great triumph and placed in a prepared shrine. The long-awaited event was accompanied by many miraculous healings patients, in large quantities arrived in Sarov. Very widely revered during his lifetime, St. Seraphim becomes one of the most beloved saints of the Orthodox Russian people, just like Venerable Sergius Radonezh.
The spiritual path of St. Seraphim is marked by great modesty, characteristic of Russian saints. Since childhood chosen by God, the Sarov ascetic, without hesitation or doubt, ascends from strength to strength in his quest for spiritual perfection. Eight years of novice labor and eight years of temple service in the ranks of hierodeacon and hieromonk, desert living and pillar-dwelling, seclusion and silence replace each other and are crowned by eldership. Feats far beyond the natural human capabilities(for example, prayer on a stone for a thousand days and nights), harmoniously and simply enter into the life of a saint.
The mystery of living prayerful communication determines the spiritual heritage of St. Seraphim, but he left the Church another wealth - brief but beautiful instructions, written down partly by himself, and partly by those who heard them. Shortly before the glorification of the saint, the “Conversation of St. Seraphim of Sarov about the goal” was found and published in 1903. Christian life", which took place at the end of November 1831, a little over a year before his death. This conversation was the most precious contribution of the ascetic to the treasury of Russian patristic teaching. In addition to the teaching about the essence of Christian life, it contains a new explanation of many most important places Holy Scripture.
“Fasting, prayer, vigil and all other Christian deeds,” the Venerable taught, “no matter how good they are in themselves, however, the goal of our Christian life is not in doing them alone, although they serve as means to achieve it. The true goal of our life Christian is the acquisition of the Holy Spirit of God." Once, being in the Spirit of God, the monk saw the entire Russian land, and it was filled and, as it were, covered with the incense of the prayers of believers praying to the Lord.
In the descriptions of the life and exploits of Saint Seraphim, there is much evidence of the grace-filled gift of insight, which he used to arouse in people repentance for sins and moral correction.
“The Lord revealed to me,” he said, “that there will be a time when the bishops of the Russian Land and other clergy will deviate from preserving Orthodoxy in all its purity, and for that the wrath of God will strike them. For three days I stood, asked the Lord to have mercy on them and asked It is better to deprive me, poor Seraphim, of the Kingdom of Heaven than to punish them. But the Lord did not bow to the request of the poor Seraphim and said that he would not have mercy on them, for they would teach the doctrines and commandments of men, but their hearts would stand far from Me.”
Revealing gifts of grace and power God's people, St. Seraphim instructed those who came to him how to walk the narrow path of salvation. He commanded obedience to his spiritual children and he himself was faithful to him until the end of his life. Having spent his entire life in feats beyond his strength ordinary people, he advised to follow the patristic “royal (middle) path” and not take on excessively difficult deeds: “one should not accept feats beyond the measure; but try to ensure that our friend - our flesh - is faithful and capable of creating virtues.”
The Reverend considered prayer to be the most important feat and means of acquiring the Holy Spirit. “Every virtue done for the sake of Christ gives the blessings of the Holy Spirit, but... prayer most of all brings the Spirit of God, and it is most convenient for everyone to correct it.”
The Monk Seraphim advised standing in the temple during the Divine service. eyes closed, then turn your gaze to an image or a burning candle and, expressing this thought, offered a wonderful comparison of human life with a wax candle.
If they complained to the holy elder about the impossibility of fulfilling the prayer rule, then he advised them to pray constantly: during work, while walking somewhere, and even in bed. And if anyone has time, said the Reverend, let him add other soul-helping prayers and readings of canons, akathists, psalms, the Gospel and the Apostle. The saint advised to study the order of the Divine Service and keep it in memory.
St. Seraphim considered it unnecessary to have long prayer rules and gave to his Diveyevo community the rule is easy. The Mother of God forbade Fr. Seraphim to oblige novices to read long akathists, so as not to impose unnecessary burden on the weak. But at the same time, the saint strictly reminded that prayer should not be formal: “Those monks who do not connect external prayer with internal prayer are not monks, but black brands!” Became famous Seraphim's Rule for those laity who, by virtue life circumstances cannot read the usual morning and evening prayers: in the morning, before lunch and in the evening, read the “Our Father” three times, three times “Rejoice, Virgin Mary”, once “I Believe” while doing necessary things, from morning until dinner say the Jesus Prayer: “Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me a sinner “or simply “Lord, have mercy,” and from lunch to evening - “Most Holy Theotokos, save me a sinner” or “Lord Jesus Christ, Mother of God, have mercy on me a sinner.”
“In prayers, pay attention to yourself,” the ascetic advised, “that is, collect your mind and unite it with your soul. First, for a day, two or more, do this prayer with one mind, separately, paying attention to each special word. Then, when the Lord warms your heart with the warmth of grace His own and will unite it in you into one spirit: then this prayer will flow in you incessantly and will always be with you, enjoying and nourishing you...” The monk said that by fulfilling this rule with humility, one can achieve Christian perfection in worldly life .
“The soul must be supplied with the Word of God. Most of all, one must practice reading the New Testament and the Psalter. From this comes enlightenment in the mind, which is changed by Divine change,” instructed the holy ascetic of Sarov, who himself constantly read the entire New Testament in a week.
Every Sunday and every holiday, unforgettably partaking of the Holy Mysteries, the Monk Seraphim, when asked how often one should begin Communion, answered: “The more often, the better.” He said to the priest of the Diveyevo community Vasily Sadovsky: “The grace given to us by Communion is so great that no matter how unworthy and no matter how sinful a person may be, if only in the humble consciousness of his total sinfulness he approaches the Lord, who redeems us all, even if from head to toe covered with sores of sins, and will be cleansed by the grace of Christ, become more and more bright, will be completely enlightened and saved.”
“I believe that according to the great goodness of God, grace will be marked in the generation of the one who receives communion...” The saint, however, did not give everyone the same instructions regarding frequent communion. He advised many to fast during all four fasts and on all twelve holidays. It is necessary to remember his warning about the possibility of communion in condemnation: “Sometimes it happens like this: here on earth they partake; but with the Lord they remain unparticipated!”
“There is nothing worse than sin and nothing more terrible and destructive than the spirit of despondency,” said Saint Seraphim. He himself shone with spiritual joy, and with this quiet, peaceful joy he abundantly filled the hearts of those around him, greeting them with the words: “My joy! Christ is risen!” Every burden of life became light near the ascetic, and many mourners and seeking God people constantly crowded around his cell and hermitage, wanting to partake of the grace pouring out from the saint of God. Before everyone’s eyes, the truth expressed by the saint himself in the great angelic call was confirmed: “Get peace, and thousands around you will be saved.” This commandment about acquiring the world leads to the teaching about acquiring the Holy Spirit, but in itself is the most important step on the path spiritual growth. The Monk Seraphim, who experienced the entire ancient Orthodox science of ascetic feat, foresaw what the spiritual work of future generations would be like, and taught to seek spiritual peace and not to condemn anyone: “He who walks in a peaceful dispensation, draws up spiritual gifts as if with a spoon.” “To preserve spiritual peace... one must avoid judging others in every possible way... To get rid of condemnation, one must pay attention to oneself, not accept extraneous thoughts from anyone, and be dead to everything.”
The Monk Seraphim can rightfully be called a disciple of the Mother of God. Holy Mother of God She healed him from deadly diseases three times, appeared to him many times, instructed and strengthened him. Even at the beginning of his journey, he heard the Mother of God, pointing to him as he lay on his sick bed, saying to the Apostle John the Theologian: “This one is from our generation.”
Upon leaving the seclusion, the monk devoted a lot of energy to the organization of the maiden monastic community in Diveevo and he himself said that he did not give a single instruction from himself, he did everything according to the will of the Queen of Heaven.
St. Seraphim stands at the beginning of the astonishing rise of the Russian Orthodox spirituality. His reminder sounds with great power: “The Lord is looking for a heart filled with love for God and neighbor; this is the throne on which He loves to sit and appear in the fullness of His heavenly Glory. “Son, give Me your heart,” He says, “and that’s all.” I myself will add the rest to you,” for the Kingdom of God can be contained in the human heart.”

HOLY POPE SYLVESTER was born in Rome from Christian parents, received a good education and was raised as a true Christian. Having reached adulthood, he began to fulfill the Lord’s commandment to serve his neighbors, especially taking care of receiving strangers, providing them with shelter and rest in his home. During the persecution of Christians, Sylvester was not afraid to accept the holy confessor Bishop Timothy, who lived with him for more than a year and with his preaching converted many to Christ. After martyrdom Timothy Sylvester secretly took the body of the saint and buried him with honor: This became known to the mayor Tarquinius; the saint was captured and brought to trial. Tarquin forced him to renounce Christ, threatening him with torment and death.

On Sylvester there is a chicken holiday. They clean the chicken coops, mend the roosts, fumigate the walls. On Sylvester's day they talk about fever.

Memorial Day of St. Seraphim of Sarov

The great saint of the Russian land, St. Seraphim, was born in Kursk in 1754. Since childhood he dreamed of monastic life and in 1778 he went to the Sarov Hermitage (in the territory of the present Nizhny Novgorod region), where he spent the rest of his life. He had high spiritual purity, the gift of foresight and miracles. He healed the souls of many people who came to him.

Day of formation of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.

The formed Investigative Committee was supposed to create, outside the prosecutor's office system, the necessary working conditions for the prosecutor's office and investigative bodies.
Emperor Peter I for the first time tried to separate the investigative agency of Russia from other government agencies. He made judicial reform, dividing the criminal process into two parts. As a result, the criminal process consisted of a preliminary investigation and trial.
In Russia, the first specialized investigative bodies appeared in 1713. These were the major's investigative offices. They dealt with cases of the most dangerous acts and reported directly to Peter I. Dangerous acts included offenses that encroached on the foundations of statehood: official forgery, embezzlement, bribery and fraud. These investigative bodies were objective and impartial even towards high-ranking officials and depended only on the Emperor himself.
After the death of Peter I, the investigative bodies were abolished, and the preliminary investigation began to be considered as an ordinary procedural procedure of pre-trial proceedings.
From 1723 to 1860, Russia had an administrative model for organizing the investigative apparatus, the main drawback of which was corruption.
In 1860, during the judicial reform carried out by Alexander II, new ways were found for organizing the preliminary investigation; it was decided to remove investigative bodies from the police and transfer them to the courts. Later, this judicial model formed the basis for the work of military investigators attached to military district courts.
After 1917, due to the fact that new government wanted to make justice an instrument of class struggle, investigative units appeared in almost all law enforcement agencies.
In the Moscow province in 1927, all judicial investigators were transferred to the prosecutor's office. This experiment was successful, so in 1928 the board of the People's Commissariat of Justice decided to transfer the entire investigative apparatus to the prosecutor's office.
In 1929, military investigators became subordinate to the military prosecutor's office.
In 1938–1939, investigative units were already established in the police and state security agencies, which at that time were subordinate to the NKVD of the USSR.
In 1963, investigative bodies also appeared in the Ministry of Public Order (Ministry of Internal Affairs), and in 2007 the Investigative Committee became an independent department under the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, although it was part of the system of prosecutorial bodies.
In 2011, the Law returned to Russia the model of development of the investigative authorities of Peter I.
Based on the legislation, it was established that the head of state directs the activities of the Investigative Committee. investigative committee Russian Federation is not currently part of any government body.

Wikipedia Birthday

Wikipedia is a universal encyclopedia that is distributed freely throughout the Internet. In the encyclopedia, articles are created by the collective work of volunteer authors in many languages of the world. One of the most important advantages of Wikipedia is the ability to present information in one's native language, while preserving its cultural affiliation.

International Recognition Day for Croatia

January 15 is International Recognition Day in Croatia
The Republic of Croatia, a former Yugoslav republic, was internationally recognized by 12 European Union countries as a separate state on January 15, 1992.

Religious holiday

DAY OF SAINT SERAPHIM OF SAROV

– Orthodox holiday January 15
On this day, all Orthodox Christians honor the memory of St. Seraphim of Sarov.
On January 15, Christians celebrate the repose of the saint. In churches and monasteries on this day throughout Russia, a festive service is performed. Men named Seraphim celebrate their name day today.
The ascetic Seraphim of Sarov was born into a merchant family in Kursk in 1754.
Since childhood, he dreamed of a monastic life, and at the age of 24 he went to the Sarov Hermitage, which is located on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region. There, in the monastery, the monk Seraphim lived for a considerable time, in a deep forest, several kilometers from the monastery; with the blessing of the abbot of the monastery, he built a cell, where he lived for more than 15 years.
Seraphim came to the monastery only on Sundays and holidays.
One day, robbers attacked and severely beat the monk, after which he remained hunched over for the rest of his life. However, Seraphim forgave his offenders and asked them not to punish them.
Solitude of St. Seraphim of Sarov in special prayer works. The saint fought against strong spiritual temptation with the feat of pillarism - for a thousand days and nights he prayed on a stone with raised hands. Later, Seraphim of Sarov took a vow of silence for three years. At this time he even stopped visiting the monastery.
For his labors, the ascetic Seraphim, after a long seclusion, received the gifts of miracles and clairvoyance and received all parishioners who wanted to receive advice and consolation from him.
Contemporaries of Seraphim of Sarov noted that he healed with love and joy emanating from him.
Seraphim of Sarov addressed every person with tenderness - “my joy.”
During his lifetime, people from all over Russia flocked to the monastery of Seraphim of Sarov for his instructions. And after his peaceful death in 1833, the veneration of Seraphim of Sarov became special.
At his grave, according to eyewitnesses, miracles often began to occur, and in 1903 the Monk Seraphim of Sarov was canonized.
The relics of Seraphim of Sarov rest in the very famous monastery of Russia Seraphim-Diveevsky convent. On the days of the saint’s memory, thousands of pilgrims flock here every year and the most important events are performed here. solemn service with the participation of the Patriarch.

Folk calendar January 15:

CHICKEN HOLIDAY or SYLVESTER'S DAY

This church holiday was named after Saint Sylvester.
Sylvester I - Pope, who lived in the 4th century, became famous for his miracle. According to legend, he caught the serpent Leviathan in the sea and thereby prevented the end of the world.
On January 15, Russian people celebrated the day of Kur and Kurki, or Chicken holiday. This one was designed for cleaning chicken coops.
Our ancestors had popular belief, which said that on this day a black rooster of seven years old lays an egg, from which the Basilisk serpent will be born on June 4.
They hung "in the chicken coop" chicken god" - a black stone with a hole to protect it from evil spirits. Old women, in order to ward off evil spirits and protect birds from night blindness, fumigated chicken coops with tar and elecampane.
On this day, children were given new toys - clay cockerels.
On Sylvester's day, girls used bulbs to tell fortunes. They peeled 12 onions, trying not to cry, and putting a pinch of salt on each one, they left it on the stove until the morning.
It was believed that whichever bulb would be wet would mean that month of the year would be rainy.
At night, the peasants looked at the month: if both horns were sharp and bright, then there would be wind, and if both horns were steep, then there would be frost, but sloping horns would mean bad weather.
If magpies flew near a dwelling, they promised a blizzard.
Sylvester was given spells against illness; it was believed that on this day they had special power.
Name day January 15 from: Vasily, Kuzma, Mark, Modest, Peter, Sergei, Ulyana.