Functions of human spiritual activity. Play, communication and work as types of activity

Remember:

What is the structure of any activity? What is considered to be the spiritual culture of society? How are spiritual and material culture related?

Try doing a little yourself sociological research. Ask different people about the meaning of the words “spirit”, “spiritual”. You will be surprised at the different meanings your interlocutors will put into these words. Some people will associate them with religion, church (for example, “spiritual music”). Professional cultural figures are likely to note that spirituality is synonymous with creativity for them. Most people associate the concepts of “spirit” and “spiritual” with ideas about higher goals and meaning human life, O moral character personality. The ambiguity of interpretations, on the one hand, indicates the importance of these concepts, and on the other hand, makes them difficult scientific definition. In this paragraph we will try to consider the social meaning of the concepts “spiritual activity”, “spiritual values”, “ spiritual world person." We have to find out what place spiritual activity occupies in general structure activities, how scientists study various aspects of the spiritual life of society, how spiritual values influence the development of personality.

CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPIRITUAL VALUES

We will proceed from the definition of activity already known to you as the conscious, purposeful activity of people aimed at changing nature and society. As a result of social activities, objects are created that satisfy the various needs of people: tools, food and clothing, government and cultural institutions, works of art, architectural ensembles, scientific works. That side of human creative activity that is aimed not at processing the “stuff of nature”, but at processing “people by people”, that is, ultimately at changing the qualities of the social subjects themselves, is called spiritual activity, and its products are called spiritual values. A striking example of spiritual activity is the work of a teacher, as well as an artist, priest, and journalist. How do spiritual values differ from all others? Let's take a book as an example. It has all the signs of a material, sensory thing: it can be seen and touched, moved from place to place, even destroyed (which, however, should not be done). Valuable natural materials and a lot of living, animated labor were invested in the creation of the book. Finally, a book, like many other goods, has a market value. What specific properties give us the right to classify a book, as well as a national folk costume, an icon, a sculpture and much more, not as an object of the external world, but primarily as a spiritual value? Visible image and utilitarian practical functions do not exhaust the deep essence of these things. The American sociologist R. Merton called for distinguishing between explicit and latent, i.e., implicit, hidden from direct observation, functions of cultural objects.

Philosophers argue that the main distinguishing feature of spiritual phenomena is their ideality. The material material in which spiritual values are clothed acts only as a form of embodiment of supersensible content. Ancient Greek philosopher Plato created a unique doctrine of ideas, in which spiritual values, such as goodness, truth, beauty, were presented in the form of an autonomous ideal world, existing in parallel with the world of real things and determining the essence of the latter. German philosopher XIX century G. Hegel believed that the main property of the spirit is reflection, that is, the ability to self-knowledge. In his general work “Phenomenology of Spirit” an attempt was made to present the entire history of world culture as a mirror of the development of the essential, spiritual powers of man. By creating works of culture and art, people objectify in them their knowledge, emotions, life experiences, their ideals, aspirations and hopes. By assimilating culture in the process of learning and self-education, people, on the contrary, de-objectify the spiritual values contained in it, while expanding their intellectual horizons, multiplying and developing individual creative abilities. Among the phenomena of spiritual life, Hegel especially singled out language, science, religion, morality, art, philosophy and law. Since the time of Hegel, the existence of people has changed greatly. The spiritual sphere of activity has been enriched with new phenomena, such as fashion and advertising, means mass media, Internet. In response to the increased demands of social practice and social cognition in the 20th century, a special philosophical science about values - axiology. The first thing that philosophers developing this direction emphasize is the social nature of spiritual values. For example, the language that we use to express our own thoughts, in essence, does not belong to us, but is the property of the entire people, society, and national culture.

Human modern society engaged in a variety of activities. To describe all types human activity, it is necessary to list the most important for this person needs, and the number of needs is very large.

Emergence various types activity is associated with the socio-historical development of man. Fundamental species Activities in which a person is involved in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, and work.

* communication - interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
* game is a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is learned;
* teaching is the process of systematic acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to perform labor activity;
* labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Communication is a type of activity consisting of the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of a person’s development and the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges with a child emotional state, helps you navigate the world around you. At an early age, communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child’s speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood, role-playing games develop interpersonal communication skills with peers. The younger student is busy with learning activities, and communication is accordingly included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activity. The specifics of an adult’s professional activity leave an imprint on the nature of communication, behavior and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it; new connections and relationships arise between people.

A game is a type of activity the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of the preschooler, since through her he accepts the norms of society and learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the types of games we can distinguish individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games have great value in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication and recreation.

Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities. In progress historical development knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, teaching became a special type of activity. Teaching influences mental development individual. It consists of assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the right choice techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).

Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not the work itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Typically, work is characterized as a conscious activity that is aimed at achieving a result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious purpose. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of the individual, since it influences the development of his abilities and character.

Attitudes towards work are established in early childhood; knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to express oneself in activity. Work in a certain field of human activity is associated with a profession.

Thus, each of the types of activity discussed above is most characteristic of certain age stages of personality development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one, since it develops the corresponding needs, cognitive abilities and behavioral characteristics.

Depending on the characteristics of a person’s relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual.

Practical activities are aimed at changing the world around us. Because the world around us consists of nature and society, it can be production (changing nature) and social-transformative (changing the structure of society).

Spiritual activity is aimed at changing individual and public consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing collective life and orienting a person to solve problems of the meaning of life, happiness, and well-being.

Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining norms and principles of life), predictive activity (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is arbitrary. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to outside world, and the ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.

By area public life- economic, social, political and spiritual.

Traditionally, there are four main spheres of public life:

§ social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)
§ economic (productive forces, production relations)
§ political (state, parties, socio-political movements)
§ spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in various relationships among themselves, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of social life are not geometric spaces where people live different people, but the relationships of the same people in connection with different aspects of their lives.

The social sphere is the relationships that arise in the production of direct human life and man as social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and relationships between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is included in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city resident, etc.

The economic sphere is a set of relationships between people that arise during the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of society.

The political sphere is the relationship between people associated with power that ensures joint security.

Elements political sphere can be represented this way:

§ political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;
§ political norms - political, legal and moral standards, customs and traditions;
§ political communications - relationships, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;
§ political culture and ideology -- political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relationships that arise in the production, transmission and assimilation of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

If a person’s material life is connected with the satisfaction of specific everyday needs (food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of human life is aimed at satisfying the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.

Involvement of society - mass, collective, individual.

In connection with social forms of bringing people together for the purpose of carrying out activities, collective, mass, and individual activities are distinguished. Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (a person, a group of people, a public organization, etc.). Depending on social forms associations of people for the purpose of carrying out activities establish individual (example: management of a region or country), collective (ship management systems, teamwork), mass (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).

Dependence on social norms- moral, immoral, legal, illegal.

Conditions based on the activity’s compliance with existing general cultural traditions and social norms differentiate legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law or constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and production of weapons, explosives, drug distribution, all of this is illegal activity. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activities, that is, to study conscientiously, be polite, value their relatives, help the old and homeless. There is a striking example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

The potential of new things in activity - innovative, inventive, creative, routine.

When human activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities are distributed. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter 1 or the progressive activity of Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin.

Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways of its implementation, monotonous, monotonous, template activity is revealed, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and new things are most often not given (Manufacture of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But creative, inventive activity, on the contrary, carries with it the character of originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by its specificity, exclusivity, and uniqueness. And elements of creativity can be used in any of the activities. Examples include dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions here, here is the embodiment of fantasy and its implementation.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

· everyday - consists of sharing experiences and the images that people carry within themselves and share with the outside world;
· scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. The main goal of scientific cognitive activity is to create an ideal system of the material world;
· artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to evaluate the surrounding reality and find shades of beauty and ugliness in it;
· religious. Its subject is the person himself. His actions are assessed from the point of view of pleasing to God. This also includes moral standards and moral aspects of actions. Considering that a person’s whole life consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such types of activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing the essence of scientific and religious activities, it is worth considering in more detail the types of human creative activity. These include artistic or musical direction, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but to reveal them you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

In the process of work, a person’s worldview and his life principles. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. Types of work activity are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental labor. Although the work of the intellect does not appear outwardly, in fact these types of work activities are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the diversity of professions that exist today.

Types of human professional activity

IN in a broad sense The concept of profession means a diverse form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity comes down to the fact that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activities.

1. Man-nature. The essence of this activity is interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and provide information, trade and consumer services.
3. Man-technology. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of humans and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
4. Man - sign systems. This type of activity involves interacting with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
5. Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting, and visual arts.

Species economic activity people

Human economic activity in lately is fiercely contested by conservationists because it is based on natural reserves that will soon run out. Types of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals, such as oil, metals, stones and everything that can benefit humans and cause damage not only to nature, but to the entire planet.

Types of human information activities

An integral part of human interaction with the outside world is information. Types of information activities include receiving, using, distributing and storing information. Information activities often become a threat to life, since there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Types of human mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The simplest type of mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost invisible compared to the most complex look mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. That’s why creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That's why creative people are called talents that can transform this world and instill cultural skills in society.

Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two types of this activity - creation and destruction. The second, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of human transformative activity in nature have led to troubles and disasters.

Only creativity can come to the rescue here, and this means, at a minimum, the restoration of natural resources.

Activity distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types benefit the development and formation of personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the disastrous consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital “H.”

Nowadays, spiritual life is considered as two concepts. Firstly, it is the main process of the existence of society, including many social aspects. For a normal existence, people must engage in material and production activities. But they also cannot help but include in their lives spiritual view activities, satisfying the needs in this area and obtaining all the knowledge necessary for this. Society lives spiritually and materially. These influence social

What varieties can be distinguished?

There are the following types of activities - practical, and spiritual - theoretical. The latter creates new theories and thoughts, implements ideas. As a result, they become very valuable and are a spiritual asset to society. They can have any shape: literary work, scientific treatise, subject of painting. Theoretical types of spiritual activity are characterized by the fact that whatever the form of their manifestation, they will always carry within themselves the idea invented by the author and his views on the world and the surrounding reality.

What is practical activity

Practical types of spiritual activity are aimed at studying, understanding and preserving acquired knowledge and values. In the process of studying, society changes its own worldview and is enlightened through the works of musicians, artists, thinkers and literary geniuses. To preserve the acquired knowledge, museums, archives, libraries, and galleries are created. With their help they are passed on from generation to generation.

Why is spiritual activity necessary?

The main goal towards which types of spiritual activity are aimed is the desire of people to improve. Society has different needs. The main ones are considered to be material, which imply the means necessary for human existence, social - a means of human development in society, and spiritual - a way of self-improvement. They arouse in people a love for beauty, as a result of which people strive to make discoveries for themselves and see beauty in everything. Most of them begin to create something new that people need. Moreover, the creator does this primarily for himself, since he is able to realize his ideas and reveal his talents.

Spiritual activity is necessary at this time

People who accept these creations are consumers of spiritual values. They need such spiritual needs as: painting, music, poetry and knowledge of various fields. Therefore, we can safely say that types of spiritual activity are currently very important for the development of society. And you should never forget about them, as this can lead to unpredictable situations. And it is unlikely that a person will be able to live for a long time without spiritual rest, which can help relieve emotional tension.

Nowadays, spiritual life is considered as two concepts. Firstly, it is the main process of the existence of society, including many social aspects. For a normal existence, people must engage in material and production activities. But they also cannot help but include a spiritual type of activity in their lives, satisfying the needs in this area and obtaining all the knowledge necessary for this. Society lives spiritually and materially. These areas of activity influence the social existence of a person.

There are the following types of activities - practical, and spiritual - theoretical. The last type of activity creates new theories and thoughts, implements ideas. As a result, they become very valuable and are a spiritual asset to society. They can take any form: a literary work, a scientific treatise, a piece of painting. Theoretical types of spiritual activity are characterized by the fact that whatever the form of their manifestation, they will always carry within themselves the idea invented by the author and his views on the world and the surrounding reality.

What is practical activity

Why is spiritual activity necessary?

Spiritual activity is necessary at this time

People who accept these creations are consumers of spiritual values. They need such spiritual needs as: painting, music, poetry and knowledge in various fields. Therefore, we can safely say that types of spiritual activity are currently very important for the development of society. And you should never forget about them, as this can lead to unpredictable situations. And it is unlikely that a person will be able to live for a long time without spiritual rest, which can help relieve emotional tension.

The activities are varied. It can be playful, educational and labor, cognitive and transformative, creative and destructive, production and consumer, economic, socio-political and spiritual. Special forms of activity are creativity and communication. Finally, as an activity one can analyze language, the human psyche and the culture of society.

Usually activities are divided into material and spiritual.

Material activities are aimed at changing the world around us. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society). An example of a material production activity is the production of goods; examples of social transformation are government reforms and revolutionary activities.

Spiritual activities are aimed at changing individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing collective life and orienting a person to solve problems of the meaning of life, happiness, and well-being. Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining norms and principles of life), predictive activity (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is arbitrary. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.

Creativity and communication have a special place in the system of activities.

Creation- this is the emergence of something new in the process of human transformative activity. The signs of creative activity are originality, unusualness, uniqueness, and its result is inventions, new knowledge, values, works of art.

When talking about creativity, we usually mean the unity of the creative personality and the creative process.

Creative personality represents a person endowed with special abilities. The actual creative abilities include imagination and fantasy, i.e. the ability to create new sensory or mental images. However, often these images are so divorced from life that they practical application becomes impossible. Therefore, other, more “down-to-earth” abilities are also important - erudition, critical thinking, observation, desire for self-improvement. But even the presence of all these abilities does not guarantee that they will be embodied in activity. This requires will, perseverance, efficiency, and activity in defending your opinion.

Creative process includes four stages: preparation, maturation, insight and verification. The actual creative act, or insight, is associated with intuition - a sudden transition from ignorance to knowledge, the reasons for which are not realized. Nevertheless, one cannot assume that creativity is something that comes without effort, labor and experience. Insight can only come to someone who has thought hard about the problem; a positive result is impossible without a long process of preparation and maturation. The results of the creative process require mandatory critical examination, since not all creativity leads to the desired result.

There are various methods of creative problem solving, for example, the use of associations and analogies, searches for similar processes in other areas, recombination of elements of what is already known, an attempt to present something alien as understandable, and something understandable as alien, etc.

Since creative abilities can be developed, and creative techniques and elements of the creative process can be studied, any person is capable of becoming a creator of new knowledge, values, and works of art. All that is needed for this is the desire to create and the willingness to work.

Communication there is a way of being a person in relationship with other people. If ordinary activity is defined as a subject-object process, i.e. the process during which a person (subject) creatively transforms the world around him (object), then communication is specific form activity, which can be defined as a subject-subject relationship, where a person (subject) interacts with another person (subject).

Communication is often equated with communication. However, these concepts should be separated. Communication is an activity of a material and spiritual nature. Communication is a purely informational process and is not an activity in the full sense of the word. For example, communication is possible between a person and a machine or between animals (animal communication). We can say that communication is a dialogue, where each participant is active and independent, and communication is a monologue, a simple transmission of a message from the sender to the recipient.

Rice. 2.3.

During communication (Fig. 2.3), the addressee (sender) transmits information (message) to the addressee (recipient). To do this, it is necessary that the interlocutors have information sufficient to understand each other (context), and that the information is transmitted in signs and symbols that are understandable to both (code) and that contact is established between them. Thus, communication is a one-way process of transmitting a message from the sender to the addressee. Communication is a two-way process. Even if the second subject in communication is not real person, human traits are still attributed to him.

Communication can be considered as one of the sides of communication, namely its information component. In addition to communication, communication includes social interaction, the process of subjects learning about each other, and the changes that occur with subjects in this process.

Closely related to communication language, performing a communicative function in society. The purpose of language is not only to ensure human understanding and transmit experience from generation to generation. The language is also social activity to form a picture of the world, an expression of the spirit of the people. The German linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), emphasizing the procedural nature of language, wrote that “language is not a product of activity, but an activity.”

Under labor understand the expedient human activity to transform nature and society for the sake of satisfying personal and social needs. Labor activity is aimed at a practically useful result - various benefits: material (food, clothing, housing, services), spiritual (scientific ideas and inventions, achievements of art, etc.), as well as the reproduction of the person himself in the totality of social relations.

The labor process is manifested in the interaction and complex interweaving of three elements: living labor itself (as human activity); means of labor (tools used by humans); objects of labor (material transformed in the labor process).

Living labor It can be mental (such is the work of a scientist - philosopher or economist, etc.) and physical (any muscular work). However, even muscular work is usually intellectually loaded, since everything that a person does, he does consciously.

Means of labor in the course of work they are improved and changed, resulting in increasingly higher labor efficiency. As a rule, the evolution of means of labor is considered in the following sequence: natural-tool stage (for example, stone as a tool); tool-artifact stage (appearance of artificial tools); machine stage; stage of automation and robotics; information stage.

Subject of labor- a thing to which human labor is directed (material, raw materials, semi-finished product). Labor ultimately materializes and is fixed in its object. A person adapts an object to his needs, turning it into something useful.

Labor is considered the leading, initial form of human activity. The development of labor contributed to the development of mutual support among members of society, its unity; it was in the process of labor that communication and creative abilities developed. In other words, thanks to work, man himself was formed.

Under training understand the activities of developing knowledge and skills, developing thinking and consciousness of the individual. Thus, learning acts both as an activity and as a transmission of activity. The famous psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) noted the activity-based nature of education: “The educational process should be based on the personal activity of the student, and the entire art of the educator should be reduced only to directing and regulating this activity” 1 .

Main feature educational activities lies in the fact that its goal is to change not the surrounding world, but the subject of activity itself. Although a person changes both in the process of communication and in work activity, this change is not the immediate goal of these types of activities, but only one of their additional consequences. In training, all means are specifically aimed at changing a person.

Under game understand the form of free self-expression of a person aimed at the reproduction and assimilation of social experience. As the constitutive characteristics of the game, the Dutch cultural theorist Johan Huizinga (1872-1945) identifies freedom, positive emotionality, isolation in time and space, and the presence of voluntarily accepted rules. To these characteristics we can add virtuality (the game world is two-dimensional - it is both real and imaginary), as well as the role-playing nature of the game.

During the game, norms, traditions, customs, and values are learned as necessary elements of the spiritual life of society. Unlike work activity, the purpose of which is outside the process, the goals and means of gaming communication coincide: people rejoice for the sake of joy, create for the sake of creativity, communicate for the sake of communication. In the early stages of human development, beauty could only be felt during the playful time of the holiday as beauty, outside the relations of utility, which gave rise to an artistic attitude towards the world.

Socialization of personality occurs mainly during play, learning and work. In the process of growing up, each of these activities consistently acts as a leader. In play (before school), the child tries on different social roles, at more adult stages (at school, college, university) he acquires the necessary for adult life knowledge, teachings, skills. The final stage of personality formation takes place in the process of joint labor activity.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

1. Material activity is aimed at changing nature (production activity) or society (social-transformative activity). Spiritual activity is aimed at changing human consciousness.
2. Creation- activities to create something new. Communication- a specific subject-subjective activity, a person’s way of being in interaction with other people.
3. The leading types of activities are called labor, training And game. They provide the process of socialization of the individual.

QUESTIONS

1. What signs indicate creative nature activities? What kind of person is usually called a creative person?
2. What is the specificity of communication as a type of activity? What role does language play in the life of society?
3. Give arguments in favor of the fact that in the process of work, learning and play activities a person is socialized.

Humboldt V. von. Selected works in linguistics. M., 1984. P. 70.
Vygotsky L. S. Pedagogical psychology. M., 1996. P. 82.
Huizinga J. Homo ludens. In the shadows tomorrow. M., 1992.