Moral exam social studies. Morality

Select the correct judgments about spiritual culture and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Spiritual culture is one of the spheres of human activity in society.

2) Spiritual culture includes cognitive activity and its results.

3) The objects of spiritual culture are ideology, morality, and artistic creativity.

4) Spiritual culture is the artificial environment surrounding a person.

5) Spiritual culture is not connected with other spheres of society.

Explanation.

Spiritual culture is a culture whose objects are ideology, morality, spiritual communication, artistic creativity (art) and religion.

1) Spiritual culture is one of the spheres of human activity in society - yes, that’s right.

2) Spiritual culture includes cognitive activity and its results - yes, that’s right.

3) The objects of spiritual culture are ideology, morality, artistic creativity - yes, that’s right.

4) Spiritual culture is the artificial environment surrounding a person - no, that’s incorrect.

5) Spiritual culture is not connected with other spheres of social life - no, that’s not true.

Answer: 123.

Answer: 123

1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “morality”;

2) make two sentences:

− one sentence containing information about any of the functions of morality in society;

− one sentence revealing any category of morality.

Sentences must be general and contain correct information about the relevant aspects of the concept.

Explanation.

1) the meaning of the concept, for example: a form (area) of culture in which high ideals and strict norms regulating human behavior and consciousness are concentrated and generalized;

(Another definition similar in meaning may be given.)

2) one sentence with information about any of the functions of morality in society, based on knowledge of the course, for example: “Morality guides the consciousness and regulates the behavior of people in all spheres of life”;

(Other sentences may be made containing information about any of the functions of morality.)

3) one sentence, based on knowledge of the course, revealing any category of morality, for example: “One of the categories of morality is duty - the obligation of an individual to act in accordance with the mandatory requirements of society.”

Other proposals can be made that, based on knowledge of the course, reveal any of the categories of morality

Answer: None

1) architecture

2) painting

6) religion

Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer.

Explanation.

Morality is the norms developed by man in history; religion does not belong to the concept of “art”.

Answer: 56.

Answer: 56|65

A. Morality is one of the most important social regulators.

B. Moral norms arise with the state and are ensured by its coercive power.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Explanation.

Morality is a specific sphere of culture in which high ideals and strict norms that regulate human behavior and consciousness in various areas are concentrated and generalized. public life.

The correct answer is listed under number 1.

Answer: 1

Subject area: Social relations. Types of social norms

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that will allow you to essentially reveal the topic “Morality in the system of social norms.” The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Explanation.

1. Types of social norms:

a) moral;

b) legal;

c) religious;

d) etiquette, etc.

2. Features of moral standards:

3. Moral structure:

b) principles;

4. Functions of morality:

a) regulatory;

b) evaluative, etc.

5. Morals and ethics.

6. Ethics is the science of morality.

In the country of N., a survey was conducted among young people. Sociologists asked boys and girls the question: “What social values ​​and norms do you consider the most significant in the life of society?”

The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

What conclusions can be drawn based on the information in the diagram?

1) girls, to a greater extent than boys, consider legal norms significant in the life of society

2) in the opinion of both boys and girls, moral standards play a leading role in society

3) young men indicate law as the leading type of social norms

4) for girls, morality and beauty are equally important in the life of society

Explanation.

Boys, in more degree than girls, they consider legal norms significant in the life of society

According to boys (25) - second place, girls (18) - fourth. (moral standards)

For girls, morality (18) and beauty (28) are not equal in the life of society

The correct answer is indicated under number: 3.

Answer: 3

Subject area: Social relations. Diagrams

A. Morality throughout the existence of mankind determines the norms and rules of behavior.

B. A specific feature of morality is the moral assessment of actions and motivations for them.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Explanation.

Morality is the rules of behavior; they have existed from the very beginning of human society.

The correct answer is indicated under number: 3

Answer: 3

Establish a correspondence between philosophical disciplines and their distinctive features: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

Ethics is the science of morality. Aesthetics is the science of beauty. Logic is the science of laws and forms of thinking.

A) the forms, methods and laws of intellectual cognitive activity are studied - logic.

B) morality and morality are studied - ethics.

C) the essence and forms of beauty in art, in nature and in life are studied - aesthetics.

D) the greatest influence on art is aesthetics.

D) the greatest influence on science is logic.

Answer: 31223.

Select the correct judgments about the forms (areas) of culture and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Science, like other forms of spiritual culture, reflects reality in artistic images.

2) Science is aimed at developing a system of objective knowledge about the world, the laws of development of nature, society and thinking.

3) Religion has an emotional impact on believers.

4) Morality requires a person to behave in a certain way.

5) Art, like other forms of spiritual culture, is characterized by rationality and consistency.

Explanation.

Science - area human activity, aimed at developing and systematizing objective knowledge about reality. The basis of this activity is the collection of facts, their constant updating and systematization

1) Science, like other forms of spiritual culture, reflects reality in artistic images - no, incorrectly.

2) Science is aimed at developing a system of objective knowledge about the world, the laws of development of nature, society and thinking - yes, that’s right.

3) Religion has an emotional impact on believers - yes, that's right.

4) Morality requires a person to behave in a certain way - yes, that’s right.

5) Art, like other forms of spiritual culture, is characterized by rationality and consistency - no, that’s not true.

Answer: 234.

Find a concept that generalizes all other concepts in the series below, and write down this word (phrase).

Good; duty; morality; conscience; honor.

Explanation.

Answer: morality.

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that will allow you to essentially reveal the topic “Morality in the system of social norms.” The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

Explanation.

When analyzing the answer, the following is taken into account:

Compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a plan of a complex type;

The presence of plan points that allow you to reveal the content of this topic in essence;

Correct wording of plan items.

Wording of plan items that are abstract and formal in nature and do not reflect the specifics of the topic are not taken into account for the assessment.

One of the options for covering this topic:

1. Types of social norms:

a) moral;

b) legal;

c) religious;

d) etiquette, etc.

2. Features of moral standards:

a) oriented towards values ​​and behavior patterns;

b) are informal in nature;

c) are regulated public opinion, human conscience;

d) are historical in nature.

3. Moral structure:

b) principles;

4. Functions of morality:

a) regulatory;

b) evaluative, etc.

5. Morals and ethics.

6. Ethics is the science of morality.

7. The relationship between morality and other regulators.

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, question or mixed forms

The absence of 1, 2, 3 points of the plan in this or a wording similar in meaning will not allow us to reveal the content of this topic on its merits

Source: Unified State Exam 2014 in social studies. Main wave. Siberia Option 363 (part C)

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write this word down.

Taboo, custom, law, norm, morality.

Explanation.

Taboo, custom, law, morality - all these are different social norms.

Answer: normal.

Read the text below, in which a number of words (phrases) are missing. Select from the list of words (phrases) that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

Morality plays a special role in regulating the life of society. It represents a form of _______(A), special spiritual rules that regulate human behavior from the perspective of good and evil, justice and injustice.

Morality not only regulates _______ (B) between people. She participates in the formation of individual moral consciousness and _______ (B) person. The goal of _______ (D) is to form a free and responsible spiritual personality capable of _______ (D). In addition, morality is a special kind of _______ (E): through morality, a person learns the laws of good, various forms of manifestation of good and evil in the world, and gains an understanding of such concepts as life, justice, and happiness.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1) practical experience

2) moral education

3) relationship

4) value knowledge

5) communication

6) social consciousness

7) self-improvement

8) self-preservation

9) behavior

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of your chosen word in the table under each letter:

Explanation.

Based on the context, sequence 639274 is the only correct answer. Indirect clues are the gender, number and case of words.

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. The words in the list are given in the nominative singular. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.

“The main function of morality is regulatory. Morality acts as a way of regulating __________(A) in society and self-regulation of individual behavior. Moreover, the method is specifically social: it appears when __________(B) can no longer cope with the increasingly complex organization of social life (clan, work, family life, etc.). At the same time, the emerging morality is initially based on at least minimal __________(B) from the natural conditions of existence. Moral regulation makes sense and is needed where there is at least some choice of behavior, an elementary opportunity to prefer one action to another.

Of course, as society developed, it invented many other ways of regulating __________(G): legal, administrative, technical, etc. However, the moral method of regulation continues to remain unique. Firstly, because it does not require any organizational support in the form of various institutions, __________(D), etc. And secondly, because moral regulation is carried out mainly through the assimilation of __________(E) relevant norms and principles of one’s behavior in society.”

Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

Explanation.

Based on the context, the sequence 483215 is the only correct answer. Indirect clues are the gender, number and case of words.

Answer: 4, 8, 3, 2, 1, 5.

Answer: 483215

Subject area: Man and society. Morality

Identify, at your discretion, one or more main ideas of the topic raised by the author and expand on it (them). When revealing the main idea(s) you have identified in your reasoning and conclusions, use social science knowledge (relevant concepts, theoretical positions), illustrating them with facts and examples from public life and personal social experience, examples from other educational items.

To illustrate the theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions you have formulated, please provide at least two facts/examples from various sources. Each given fact/example must be formulated in detail and clearly related to the illustrated position, reasoning, and conclusion.

C9.1 Philosophy:“Life has exactly the value that we want to give it” (I. Bergman)

C9.2 Social psychology:“Man is a being who rushes towards the future and is aware that he is projecting himself into the future” (J.P. Sartre).

C9.3 Economics:“Economic freedom is Freedom of any activity, including the right to choose and the associated risk and responsibility” (F. Hayek).

C9.4 Sociology:“It is easy to preach morality, but it is difficult to justify it” (A. Schopenhauer).

C9.5 Political Science:“The democratic system is not always and everywhere in place. It has its necessary foundations or “prerequisites”: if they are not present, then democracy does not give anything except long-term decay and death” (I. Ilyin).

C9.6 Jurisprudence:“A people with a developed sense of justice should be interested in and value their court as the guardian and body of their law and order” (B. Kistyakovsky).

Explanation.

When writing an essay, you can use the following sample plan.

1. Introduction - introduces the topic, gives preliminary, general information about the problem that lies behind the proposed topic. The introduction may contain an answer to a question asked on the topic; contain a fact from the author’s biography or characterize a historical period, if this information is important for subsequent analysis of the text.

2. Main part: represents a detailed analysis of the statement. In the main part, it is necessary to demonstrate knowledge of the material, the ability to logically, reasoned and stylistically correct, and competently express one’s thoughts. The main part is checking how correctly the topic is understood. The main part can begin with a thesis - the position that you will prove. Then give arguments, there should be at least two. Support your arguments with examples from the text.

3. Conclusion: summing up, summarizing what has been said, completing the text, returning attention to the most important thing. The final part should be short but concise; organically connected with the previous presentation. The conclusion can express the writer’s attitude to the problem. It must be presented correctly, without excessive emotional assessments, have a clearly defined meaning and be prepared with material from the main part.

“For lawyers, one of the main professional qualities is the ability to apply legal ___________ (A) in practice. However, it has long been known that neglect theoretical issues rights are usually based on

loss of confidence in the power of ___________ (B). For those people who resisted the wave of legal chaos, ___________ B) became one of the foundations of their personal worldview. For modern Russia, reviving spiritual traditions, it is very important to form legal ___________ among citizens (D). In this regard, it is very important to understand the original meaning of law, to understand its social ___________ (D). One of the axioms of law is that law, like religion and morality, refers to an ideal value. Law is closely connected with other spheres of public ___________ (E). For example, the connection and relationship between politics and law is most easily seen through the concept of ___________ (F).”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

The table below shows the letters that indicate missing words. Write down the number of your chosen answer in the table under each letter.

Explanation.

Answer: 1, 9, 3, 8, 7, 5, 6.

Answer: 1938756

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“For lawyers, one of the main professional qualities is the ability to apply legal ________ (A) in practice. However, it has long been known that neglect of theoretical issues of law is based, as a rule, on a loss of confidence in the power of ________ (B). For those people who resisted the wave of legal chaos, ________ (B) became one of the foundations of their personal worldview. For modern Russia, which is reviving spiritual traditions, the formation of legal ________ (D) among citizens is very important. In this regard, it is very important to understand the original meaning of law, to understand its social ________ (D). One of the axioms of law is that law, like religion and morality, refers to an ideal value. Law is closely connected with other spheres of public________ (E). For example, the connection and relationship between politics and law is most easily seen through the concept of ________ (F).”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

The table below shows the letters that indicate missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

Explanation.

Based on the context, the sequence 1938756 is the only correct answer. Indirect clues are the gender, number and case of words.

Answer: 1, 9, 3, 8, 7, 5, 6.

Answer: 1938756

Subject area: Law. Law in the system of social norms

Lesson 6. Religion. Art. Morality

Religion

Religion- worldview and attitude, as well as the behavior of people determined by them, based on belief in the existence of the supernatural.

Structure of religion:

religious consciousness

religious relations

religious organizations

Religious consciousness:

ideology: dogmatics, theology (theology)

religious psychology

belief in reality sacred world

belief in the priority of the sacred world in relation to the earthly

recognizing the possibility of a relationship between them

Faith– a specific attitude towards reality or imaginary objects, when their reliability and truth are accepted without evidence.

Religious relations:

religious norms

cult actions - symbolic actions, with the help of which believers attempt to establish contact with supernatural powers(or God) in order to influence them: ceremonies, rituals, prayers...

Cult- religious worship.

non-cult actions – spiritual (self-deepening, meditation, development of religious ideas, theologians’ writings) and practical (introduction, propaganda, defense of religion)

Religious organizations

Confession - religion.

The Church is an organization of believers, which is based on a single doctrine (the symbol of Faith), which determines the norms and methods of activity of believers, their daily behavior.

Sect – religious group, breaking away from the religious movement and acting as an opposition movement in relation to it.

Forms of religion

Historical: totemism, fetishism, magic, animism

Modern:

• theistic and ethical

  polytheistic and monotheistic

  tribal cults, national-state religions, world religions

Signs of world religions:

huge number followers

cosmopolitanism - does not attach importance to the nationality of believers

egalitarianism - recognition of all believers as equal before the face of God

proselytism - the desire to increase the number of adherents, active missionary activity

Functions of religion as a social institution

Worldview: explanation of the world and the meaning of human life.

Regulatory: regulates people's activities.

Communicative: ensures communication of believers with God (other supernatural forces) and with each other.

Integrating: a common religion unites and helps maintain stability. BUT... and disintegrating: if we are talking about relationships with adherents of other faiths.

Compensatory: compensates for the limitations and powerlessness of people, consoles, gives spiritual pleasure (catharsis)

Levels of religiosity

religious fanaticism

religious asceticism

moderate religiosity

situational appeal to religion

RF – secular state

No state religion: church is separated from state, school from church

Freedom of conscience - natural law a person to have any beliefs, including religious ones.

Freedom of religion is the freedom to profess and practice any religion or not to profess any, to be an atheist.

Art

Art– human activity aimed at developing and creating aesthetic values.

Aesthetics– a philosophical discipline that studies a person’s relationship to the world based on ideas about the beautiful and the ugly, the sublime and the base, as well as the artistic activity of people.

The specificity of art is the expression of reality in artistic and figurative form.

The form of existence of art is a work of art

Types of art:

By medium and material

By means of expression

• Spatial types (plastic): fine art, architecture, arts and crafts, design.

  Temporary types (dynamic): literature, music.

  Spatio-temporal (synthetic, spectacular): choreography, theater, cinema, stage.

Functions of art:

Aesthetic – forms the aesthetic tastes and needs of a person, the desire for beauty and creativity according to the laws of beauty.

Socially transformative - designed to give the individual a worldview orientation and transform society in the direction of the ideal (according to the laws of beauty).

Hedonic – the ability of works of art to provide pleasure.

Compensatory – restores harmony in the sphere of spirit that a person has lost in reality, helps restore the mental balance of the individual.

Cognitive – gives special knowledge of the world (knowledge of the world in figurative form).

Anticipation of events - warns about social troubles, predicting the consequences scientific discoveries or social transformation.

Communicative – promotes spiritual communication people.

Educational – forms an idea of ​​the proper state of things, feelings and thoughts of people.

Instillation of values ​​– subconsciously communicates certain ideas and meanings to a person.

Morality

Morality is a system of norms and rules of behavior accepted in society and based on ideas about good and evil, about proper and improper actions.

Good- something that is useful to people and contributes to a person’s self-discovery and self-realization.

Evil- the concept opposite to good; that which destroys the good.

Duty– the need accepted by an individual to obey a social rule or regulation; a person’s moral obligation, perceived as an internal necessity.

Conscience– a person’s ability to critically evaluate his actions, thoughts, desires from the point of view of moral standards; the ability for internal regulation based on ideas about goodness and duty.

Moral– internal spiritual values ​​that determine a person’s actions and aspirations, his way of thinking.

Moral values. Value- the significance that an object or phenomenon has for us.

meaning of life

freedom – the possibility of arbitrary choice; perceived necessity

happiness is a human state associated with a feeling of deep moral satisfaction, completeness of being

Moral standards– determine how a person should behave in relation to society, other people, and himself. Universal human norms - “thou shalt not kill”, “thou shalt not steal”, “thou shalt not lie” - ensure the survival of the human collective.

Moral qualities– politeness, decency, honesty, justice, courage, wisdom – personality traits that reflect the polarity of the moral world.

Moral principles– a person’s strategic attitude in his relationship with people.

Moral ideal– complete sample moral behavior, to which people strive, considering it the most reasonable, useful, beautiful.

Functions of morality

Humanizing (value-oriented): affirms the human in a person, forms the desire for self-improvement.

Cognitive – developing criteria for moral behavior, knowledge of good and evil.

Regulatory – regulates human behavior in all spheres of public life.

Educational (motivational): forms the imperative of moral behavior.

Coordination: ensures unity and consistency in the interaction of people in a wide variety of circumstances.

Specifics of moral regulation of behavior:

the generalized nature of moral norms requires interpretation in each specific case

all-pervasive nature: regulates all spheres of public life

based on the idea of ​​what should be, about justice, good and evil

non-institutional

norms were formed gradually, along with the development of society

the motives for choice are selfless

Problem solving

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, characterize religion. Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer.

1) supernatural; 2) cult; 3) technology; 4) confession; 5) experiment; 6) monotheism.

Find the main characteristics of the world's religions in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) basis religious life individual nations

2) supra-ethnic character

3) preaching equality of people

4) a large number of followers all over the world

5) the desire to coordinate life with religious norms

6) belief in the reliability and truth of a phenomenon, accepted without evidence

Choose the correct judgments about religious and secular consciousness and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Religious consciousness is characterized by the perception of moral norms as derivatives of will higher powers.

2) Interaction is not typical for secular and religious consciousness.

3) The position of religious consciousness is the separation of church from school and state.

4) Religious consciousness can be formed in a person in mature age.

5) In religious consciousness, content adequate to reality and illusions can be combined.

Choose the correct judgments about art and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Art influences a person’s worldview.

2) Art allows us to theoretically explain social phenomena.

3) Works of art help a person restore spiritual harmony and realize creative potential.

4) Art helps to attract public attention to social and moral issues.

5) The role of art is manifested in opposition to scientific concepts.

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the characteristics of art.

1) imagery; 2) awakening fantasy and imagination; 3) reliability and verifiability of the results; 4) focus on obtaining objective truth; 5) emotionality of perception; 6) visibility.

Find two characteristics that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

Establish a correspondence between works of art and the types to which these works belong: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

The grandmother teaches her grandson to always be honest and act fairly. What features distinguish the sphere (area) to which these tips (rules) relate from the sphere (area) of law? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) regulation of public relations

2) assessment of actions from the standpoint of “good” and “evil”

3) reliance, first of all, on public opinion and one’s own assessment

4) establishment of norms by the state

5) assimilation of norms in the process of socialization

6) the informal nature of sanctions following violation of the rules

Find a concept that generalizes all other concepts in the series below and write it down as an answer.

Good; duty; morality; conscience; honor.

Write down the word missing in the table.

Practice solving the task of the second part of the Unified State Exam

Task 26

In art, artistic invention is allowed, the introduction from the artist himself of something that does not exist in this form, did not exist and, perhaps, will not exist in reality. Why, despite this, is art considered one of the forms (ways) of understanding the objective world?

Based on social science knowledge, indicate two features of this form of knowledge.

Illustrate with three examples the implementation of the educational function of art. (Examples should be related to various types of art.)

Task 29

Reveal the meaning of the statement in the form of a mini-essay, identifying, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised). When expressing your thoughts about the problem raised (the designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, relevant concepts, as well as facts of social life and your own life experience. (Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)

Philosophy

“Art and life are not one, but must become one in me, in the unity of my responsibility” (M. M. Bakhtin).

1. Morality and ethics. Ethics.

2. Moral structure:

1) Moral values.

2) Moral standards, regulations.

3) Values ​​and norms.

3. Specifics of morality.

4. Functions of morality:

1) Regulatory

2) Motivational function

3) Constitutive

4) Coordination

5. The origin of morality.

6. Moral culture personality.

Morality and ethics. Ethics.

1.1. What is morality?

Morality (from Latin moralis - moral) - 1) a special type of regulation of people’s behavior and relationships between them based on following certain norms of communication and interaction; 2) a set of norms approved by public opinion that determine the relationships of people, their responsibilities to each other and to society.

1.2. The main contradiction of morality. A person is capable of breaking any moral rules. The gap between proper and actual behavior is the main contradiction of morality.

1.3. How is morality different from ethics? (three points of view).

1) Morality = morality.

2) Morality is the values ​​and norms of consciousness, and morality is the implementation of these norms in life and the practical behavior of people.

Morality is the degree to which an individual has assimilated moral values ​​and their practical adherence to them in everyday life, the level of real moral behavior of people.

3) Morality refers to the behavior of an individual - personal morality, and morality refers to the characteristics of the behavior of groups of people - public morality.

4. Ethics (Greek ethike, from ethos - custom, character, character) - philosophical science, studying morality and morality.

The term was introduced by Aristotle. The problem of good and evil has been and remains central to ethics.

2. The structure of morality: ideals, values, categories, moral norms.

12.1. Moral values.

Moral values ​​(principles of morality) - 1) extremely broad requirements for individual behavior, supported by the opinion of a social group or society as a whole (humanism, collectivism, individualism); 2) the starting points on the basis of which all morality, all moral behavior of a person is built.

The ancient sages considered prudence, benevolence, courage, and justice to be the main virtues. In Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the highest moral values ​​are associated with faith in God and zealous reverence for him. Honesty, loyalty, respect for elders, hard work, and patriotism are revered as moral values ​​among all nations. These values, presented in their impeccable, absolutely complete and perfect expression, act as ethical ideals.

Moral (ethical) ideal (French ideal - relating to an idea) - 1) the idea of ​​moral perfection; 2) the highest moral example.

1) good (everything that is moral, morally proper) and evil;

2) duty (personal responsible adherence to moral values); conscience (the ability of an individual to realize his duty to people);

3) honor and dignity of the individual (the presence of nobility in the individual, readiness for selflessness);

4) happiness.

What is good and evil?

1) Hobbes: “Good and evil are names denoting our dispositions and aversions, which differ according to the differences of character, habits, and modes of thought of men.”

2) Nietzsche argued that Jesus' call to love your enemies demonstrates that Christian morality is for the weak and cowardly, not the strong and courageous. Jesus is the one separated from real life idealist.

4) The cunning of the world mind (Hegel).

“... so who are you, finally?

I am part of that force that is eternal

wants evil and always does good...”

(Goethe's Faust).

What is happiness?

Happiness is a feeling and state of complete, highest satisfaction; success, luck.

There are five levels of happiness: 1) joy from the very fact of life; 2) material well-being; 3) the joy of communication; 4) creativity; 5) make others happy.

Eudaimonism (from the Greek eudaimonia - bliss) is a direction in ethics that considers happiness, bliss to be the highest goal of human life; one of the basic principles of ancient Greek ethics, closely related to the Socratic idea inner freedom personality, its independence from the outside world.

2.2. Moral standards, regulations.

Moral norms, regulations - 1) forms of moral requirements that determine people’s behavior in different situations; 2) private rules, which in imperative form prescribe a generally binding order of behavior.

Moral (moral) norms are rules of behavior oriented towards moral values.

Every culture has a system of generally accepted moral regulations, which, by tradition, are considered mandatory for everyone. Such regulations are moral norms.

The Old Testament lists 10 such norms - “the commandments of God”, written on tablets that were given by God to the prophet Moses when he ascended to Mount Sinai: 1) “Thou shalt not kill”, 2) “Thou shalt not steal”, 3) “Thou shalt not commit adultery”, etc.

The norms of true Christian behavior are the 7 commandments that Jesus Christ indicated in Sermon on the Mount: 1) “Do not resist evil”; 2) “Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you”; 3) “Love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who use you and persecute you,” etc.

The “Golden Rule of Morality” is a fundamental moral requirement: “(don’t) act towards others as you (wouldn’t) want them to act towards you.” The term “golden rule of morality” arose at the end of the 18th century. The first mentions of Z.p.n. belong to ser. I millennium BC This rule is found in the Mahabharata, in the sayings of Buddha. Confucius, when asked by a student whether one could be guided throughout one’s life by one word, replied: “This word is reciprocity. Don’t do to others what you don’t want for yourself.”

2.3. Values ​​and norms.

Values ​​are what justify and give meaning to norms. Human life is valuable, and its protection is the norm. A child is a social value, the responsibility of parents to take care of him in every possible way is a social norm.

In society, some values ​​may conflict with others, although both are equally recognized as inalienable norms of behavior. Not only norms of the same type, but also of different types, for example, religious and patriotic, come into conflict: a believer who sacredly observes the norm “thou shalt not kill” is asked to go to the front and kill enemies.

Different cultures may give preference to different values ​​(heroism on the battlefield, material enrichment, asceticism).

3. Specifics of morality.

3.1. Comprehensiveness (regulates human activity and behavior in all spheres of public life - in everyday life, work, politics, science and art, in personal family, intra-group and even international relations);

3.2. Autonomous regulation (moral behavior depends entirely on the will of the subjects themselves, and not on special social institutions, for example, courts, churches);

3.3. The finality of moral values ​​and the imperativeness of moral regulations.

The principles of morality are valuable in themselves. The purpose for which we follow moral principles is to follow them. Following moral principles is an end in itself, that is, the highest, final goal” and there are no other goals that we would like to achieve by following them.

Imperative (from Latin imperativus - imperative) - an unconditional requirement, command, obligation. Kant introduced into ethics the concept of the categorical imperative - an unconditionally universally binding formal rule of behavior for all people. The categorical imperative demands that one always act in accordance with a principle that could at any time become universal. moral law, and treat every person as an end, and not as a means.

4. Functions of morality.

1) Regulatory (regulates human activities in various social spheres).

2) Motivational function (moral principles motivate human behavior, that is, they act as reasons and motivations that make an individual want to do something or, conversely, not to do something).

3) Constitutive (from constitutus - established, established) function.

The principles of morality are the highest, dominating over all other forms of regulation of human behavior.

4) Coordination function.

This function follows from the previous one. It consists in the fact that morality, due to the priority of its principles, ensures the unity and consistency of the interaction of people in a wide variety of circumstances. Even without knowing either the character of a person, or his habits, skills, abilities, you can determine in advance what should and should not be expected from him.

5. The origin of morality.

17.5.1. Religious view.

3500 years ago, the god Yahweh burned moral commandments onto the tablets of the prophet Moses.

2000 years ago Jesus Christ proclaimed them on Mount Tabor (Sermon on the Mount).

5.2. Cosmological explanation.

The cosmological explanation dates back to ancient times: the teaching of Heraclitus on morality as the law of a single logos, the Pythagoreans’ ideas about heavenly harmony, Confucius’s theory of the heavenly world, etc.

According to Confucius, heaven monitors justice on earth and guards social inequality.

Moral qualities consist of 5 interconnected principles, or constancies: “ren” - humanity, philanthropy; “Xin” - sincerity, directness, trust; “and” - duty, justice; “li” - ritual, etiquette; “zhi” - mind, knowledge.

The basis of philanthropy is “zhen” - “respect for parents and respect for older brothers”, “reciprocity” or “caring for people” - the main commandment of Confucianism. “Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself.”

5.3. Biological explanation.

Morality in human society is a type of natural (general biological morality in the animal world). This is a system of prohibitions that serve the survival of the species. For example, in the fight for territory, poisonous snakes push each other, but not only never bite each other, but do not even bare their poisonous teeth. In other observations of animals, prohibitions on attacking females, other people's cubs, and an opponent who had taken a “submissive pose” were discovered.

Peter Kropotkin considered the principle of sociability or the “law of mutual assistance” in the animal world as the initial beginning of the emergence of such moral norms as a sense of duty, compassion, respect for fellow tribesmen and even self-sacrifice. “Nature can... be called the first teacher of ethics, moral principle for man”, “the concepts of “virtue” and “vice” are zoological concepts...”.

Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) - Russian revolutionary, one of the theorists of anarchism, geographer.

5.4. Anthropological explanation.

1) Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilitas - benefit, benefit) - 1) the principle of assessing all phenomena only from the point of view of their usefulness, the ability to serve as a means to achieve any goal; 2) founded by Bentham philosophical direction, which considers benefit to be the basis of morality and the criterion of human actions.

Jeremiah Bentham (1748 - 1832) - English philosopher and lawyer, founder of utilitarianism and ideological liberalism.

“New people” in Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” realize that their happiness is inextricably linked to social well-being.

Luzhin’s theory of “reasonable egoism” (Dostoevsky’s parody of the ideas of Bentham, Chernyshevsky and the utopian socialists), according to Raskolnikov, is fraught with the following: “But bring to consequences what you preached just now, and it will turn out that people can be slaughtered...”.

2) In “Genealogy of Morals” Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) evaluates Christian morality as a form of power of the weak over the strong. This morality was formed in the minds of slaves who were jealous of the powerful and dreamed of revenge. Being weak and cowardly, they hoped for an intercessor-messiah who, at least in the next world, would restore justice and when the humiliated and insulted on this earth would be able to enjoy the suffering of their strong offenders. Gradually the Christian morality of the slaves takes possession of the masters.

5.5. Social - historical (sociological) explanation.

Morality arises during the period of decomposition of the primitive community in the process of social differentiation and the formation of the first state institutions.

According to another point of view, morality arises in the depths of the primitive community.

The whole point is whether we understand by morality in general any norms that regulate relations between people (and such norms, indeed, are formed simultaneously with the formation of man and the transition of man from a state of savagery to barbarism) or special norms, the action of which is based on individual and independent choice (such methods of regulating behavior are formed during the period of decomposition of the tribal community, during the transition from barbarism to civilization).

Taboo (Polynesian) - in primitive society, a system of prohibitions on performing certain actions (using any objects, pronouncing words, etc.), violation of which is punishable by supernatural forces.

17.5.6. Modern ethics:

1) the period of primitive society (moral regulation is combined with other forms of regulation - utilitarian-practical, religious-ritual, etc.);

2) group morality as a system of prohibitions (taboos) in tribal society;

3) at the third stage, internal individual moral values ​​appear, which determined the beginning of civilization.

6. Stages of formation of a person’s moral culture.

The moral culture of a person is the degree to which an individual perceives the moral consciousness and culture of society, an indicator of how deeply the requirements of morality are embodied in a person’s actions.

1) At the first stage, the child develops elementary morality. It is based on obedience and imitation. The child copies the behavior of adults and follows their instructions and requirements. Regulation of behavior comes from the outside.

2) The second stage is conventional morality. They develop their own ideas about “what is good and what is bad.” Comparing oneself with others and making an independent moral assessment of both one’s own and others’ actions plays an important role. A person is focused on the public opinion of others.

3) At the third stage, autonomous morality is formed. The individual replaces public opinion with his own judgment about the ethical or unethical nature of his actions. Autonomous morality is the moral self-regulation of one's behavior.

The main motive for moral behavior here is conscience. If shame is a feeling directed outward, expressing a person’s responsibility to other people, then conscience is directed inward to the individual and is an expression of his responsibility to himself.

Social science. A complete course of preparation for the Unified State Exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.15. Morality

1.15. Morality

Morality – 1) a form of social consciousness, consisting of a system of values ​​and requirements that regulate people’s behavior; 2) the system of norms, ideals, principles accepted in society, and its expression in the real lives of people. Moral– principles of real practical behavior of people. Ethics– philosophical science, the subject of which is morality and morality.

Approaches to the Origin of Morality

– Naturalistic: considers morality as a simple continuation, a complication of the group feelings of animals that ensure the survival of the species in the struggle for existence. Representatives of naturalism in ethics reduce the social to the biological, erasing the qualitative line that distinguishes the human psyche from the animal.

– Religious-idealistic: views morality as a gift from God.

– Sociological: considers morality as a phenomenon that arose along with communication and collective labor actions and ensures their regulation. The main reasons that gave rise to the need for moral regulation are the development and complexity of social relations: the emergence of a surplus product and the need for its distribution; gender and age division of labor; identification of clans within the tribe; streamlining sexual relations, etc.

Morality rests on three important foundations:

* Traditions, customs, morals, which have developed in a given society, in the environment of a given class, social group. A person learns these morals, traditional norms of behavior, which become habits and become the property of the spiritual world of the individual. They are realized in his behavior, the motives of which are formulated as follows: “this is how it is accepted” or “this is not accepted”, “this is how everyone does it”, “like people, so do I”, “this is how things have been done since ancient times”, etc.

*Relies on the strength of public opinion which, by approving some actions and condemning others, regulates the behavior of an individual and teaches him to comply moral standards. The instruments of public opinion are, on the one hand, honor, good name, public recognition, which become a consequence of a person’s conscientious fulfillment of his duties, his strict adherence to the moral norms of a given society; on the other hand, shame, shaming a person who has violated moral standards.

*Based on consciousness of each individual, on her understanding of the need to reconcile personal and public interests. This determines voluntary choice, voluntariness of behavior, which occurs when conscience becomes a solid basis for the moral behavior of an individual.

In relation to a person's personality, morality is internal shape self-regulation by an individual of his behavior. Morality is disinterested, personal, represents a special kind of knowledge, and is an essential characteristic of spiritual knowledge.

Moral consciousness is of a value nature. It is oriented toward a certain absolute moral ideal that arises in society, but is taken beyond its boundaries, acting as a criterion and assessment of both social phenomena and individual human behavior and his motives.

Moral standard is aimed at developing certain moral qualities in a person: the desire for goodness and self-improvement, helping other people, courage, being ready to endure hardships and fight for the truth. A norm is understood as such a prescription (decision, instruction, instruction, directive, order, program, etc.), with which a certain action must (may or may not) be performed in order to achieve specified goals.

Moral norm determines socially necessary typical options for moral behavior; a means that gives orientation to the human personality, indicates which offenses are acceptable and preferable and which should be avoided.

The main property of moral norms is their imperativeness (imperativeness). They express moral requirements. One and the same norm, say, the requirement of justice, can be expressed simultaneously both in the form of a prohibition and as a positive instruction: “don’t lie,” “tell only the truth.” Norms are addressed to a person, to his activities and behavior. A conscious set of norms is defined as moral code. The main elements of a moral code are the following: socially significant instructions, attitude-orientation, the individual’s readiness for proper requirements and objective conditions that allow the implementation of appropriate proper behavior.

Another component of a moral code is value orientations: 1) moral significance, the dignity of an individual (a group of persons, a collective) and its actions or the moral characteristics of public institutions; 2) value ideas related to the field of moral consciousness - ideals, concepts of good and evil, justice, happiness.

Motivation, assessment and self-esteem. Motivation, assessment and self-esteem – important ways moral regulation of people's behavior. Motive is a morally conscious impulse to engage in activities related to satisfying the needs of the subject. Motivation- a system of motives interconnected in a certain way, meaning a preference for certain values, goals in the moral choice of an individual, a conscious determination of the line of one’s behavior.

Moral assessment allows you to determine the value of an action, a person’s behavior, their compliance with certain norms, principles, and ideals; This is an independent determination of the value of one’s behavior, one’s motives and actions. It is closely related to the sense of conscience and duty and acts as an important tool of self-control.

Conscience– the ability of an individual to exercise moral self-control, independently formulate moral duties for himself, demand that he fulfill them, and make a self-assessment of his actions; is an expression of moral self-awareness and well-being of the individual; allows a person to realize his moral responsibility to himself as a subject of moral choice and to other people, society as a whole.

Duty- This is the relationship of the individual to society. The individual acts here as an active bearer of certain moral responsibilities to society.

Functions of morality

* Worldview. Morality develops a system of value orientations: norms, prohibitions, assessments, ideals, which become a necessary component of social consciousness, orient the individual, express preference for certain norms and the command to act in accordance with them.

* Cognitive. She is not identical scientific knowledge, orients a person in the world of surrounding cultural values, predetermines the preference of those that meet his needs and interests.

* Regulatory. Morality acts as a way of regulating people's behavior in work, in everyday life, in politics, in science, in family, intra-group and other relationships. It authorizes and supports certain social foundations, a way of life, or requires their change. Morality rests on the strength of public opinion. Moral sanctions are more flexible, varied, and come in the form of not only coercion, persuasion, but also approval by public opinion.

* Estimated. Morality considers the world, phenomena and processes from the point of view of their humanistic potential. A morally evaluative attitude towards reality is its comprehension in the concepts of good and evil, as well as in other concepts adjacent to them or derived from them (“justice” and “injustice”, “honor” and “dishonor”, ​​“nobility” and “baseness” etc.). Moreover, the specific form of expression of moral assessment can be different: praise, agreement, blame, criticism, expressed in value judgments; showing approval or disapproval.

* Educational. By concentrating the moral experience of humanity, morality makes it the property of every new generation of people. Morality permeates all types of education insofar as it gives them the correct social orientation through moral ideals and goals, which ensures a harmonious combination of personal and social interests.

* Motivational. Moral principles motivate human behavior, that is, they act as reasons and motivations that make an individual want to do or not do something.

* Controlling. Control over the implementation of norms based on public condemnation and/or the conscience of the person himself.

* Coordination. Morality ensures unity and consistency in the interactions of people in a wide variety of circumstances.

* Integrating. Maintaining the unity of humanity and the integrity of the human spiritual world.

Moral requirements and ideas

– norms of behavior (“don’t lie”, “don’t steal”, “don’t kill”, “honor your elders”, etc.);

– moral qualities (benevolence, justice, wisdom, etc.);

– moral principles (collectivism – individualism; egoism – altruism, etc.);

– moral and psychological mechanisms (duty, conscience);

– highest moral values ​​(goodness, meaning of life, freedom, happiness).

Moral culture of the individual– the degree of individual’s perception of the moral consciousness and culture of society. The structure of a person’s moral culture: culture of ethical thinking, culture of feelings, culture of behavior, etiquette.

Morality manifests itself in understanding the opposition of good and evil. Good is understood as the most important personal and social value and correlates with a person’s desire to maintain the unity of interpersonal relationships and achieve moral perfection. If good is creative, then evil is everything that destroys interpersonal connections and decomposes inner world person.

Human freedom, his ability to choose between good and evil, is called moral choice. A person is responsible to society and to himself (his conscience) for the consequences of his moral choice.

Differences between moral norms and customs and legal norms: 1) following a custom presupposes unquestioning and literal submission to its requirements, moral norms presuppose a person’s meaningful and free choice; 2) customs are different for different nations, eras, social groups, morality is universal, it sets general norms for all humanity; 3) the implementation of customs is often based on habit and fear of the disapproval of others, morality is based on a sense of duty and is supported by a sense of shame and remorse.

Unlike other manifestations of the spiritual life of society (science, art, religion), morality is not a sphere of organized activity: there are no institutions in society that would ensure the functioning and development of morality. Moral requirements and assessments penetrate into all spheres of human life and activity.

Universal Moral Principles

1. The talion principle. In the Old Testament, the talion formula is expressed as follows: “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” In primitive society, talion was carried out in the form of blood feud, and the punishment had to strictly correspond to the harm caused.

2. The principle of morality. The golden rule of morality can be found among the sayings of the ancient sages: Buddha, Confucius, Thales, Muhammad, Christ. In the most general view this rule looks like this: “(Don’t) act towards others as you (wouldn’t) want them to act towards you.” The commandment of love becomes the main universal principle in Christianity.

3. The principle of the golden mean presented in works Aristotle: Avoid extremes and keep it in moderation. All moral virtues are a mean between two vices (for example, courage is located between cowardice and recklessness) and go back to the virtue of moderation, which allows a person to curb his passions with the help of reason.

4. The Greatest Happiness Principle (I. Bentham, J. Mill): everyone should behave in such a way as to ensure the greatest happiness for the largest number people. An action is moral if the benefit from it outweighs the harm.

5. Principle of justice (J. Rawls): Every person should have equal rights with regard to fundamental freedoms; social and economic inequalities must be adjusted to the benefit of the poor.

Each universal principle expresses a certain moral ideal, which is mainly understood as philanthropy.

Amoralism

IN modern society V popular culture and through the media, the belief is often introduced that there are different moralities, that what was previously considered immoral can now be completely acceptable and permissible. This indicates an erosion of the strictness of the moral criterion, clarity and clarity in distinguishing between good and evil. The loss of morality leads to the destruction of the very basis of sociality, connections between people, laws and norms. As a result, the entire social system collapses, imperceptibly and gradually undermined from within.

Immorality associated with the concepts of selfishness, passion and sin. Passions (mental, physical) are what lead along the path, the opposite of virtue and self-knowledge.

In order for society to progress in its development, the unity of civil society and its fight against immorality in all its manifestations is necessary. It must be carried out through upbringing, education, spiritual development, persuasion and education. Violence is impossible in the moral sphere, just as goodness with fists is impossible, although it must be active.

Morality in a pickup truck (Dmitry Novikov) Pickup is an activity that is criticized by millions. Many people say that pickup trucks are immoral. I agree, pickup is immoral. But what is morality? Morality is a type of religion established in society and accepted by different people from different

Moral. Ethics. Moral See also “The Ten Commandments”, “Good and Evil”, “Goal and Means”, “Man to Man” Two things always fill the soul with new and ever stronger surprise and awe, the more often and longer we think about them - this is starry sky is necessary