Orthodox Old Believers. Old Believers: who are they, what do they preach, where do they live? Old Believers and Old Believers - what is the difference

The question of what is the difference between gravel and crushed stone is often asked by beginners on construction forums: with similar properties and fraction sizes, these building materials have different areas applications. The main differences relate to the production method, the raw materials used, adhesion with other components of the solutions and a number of performance characteristics: strength, frost resistance, radioactivity. The products are freely available; the choice of a specific variety is based on the intended purpose and operating conditions.

Distinctive Features

Both types refer to inorganic bulk materials, the difference lies solely in the method of production. Gravel retains its natural shape during the production process by sieving rock, river, lake or sea ​​pebbles. Due to its natural origin, this variety has smooth walls and an attractive appearance. The variety from quarries contains more impurities and dust, but in comparison with sea and river pebbles it has superior adhesion to other components of mortars.

Crushed stone is produced by crushing more massive and solid pieces of granite rock or sedimentary rock. At the sieving stage, there is no difference in selecting fractions of the required size, but the grinding principle is always observed. This affects the shape of the particles - they have sharp edges and a rough surface. This method allows you to control the size; the working range includes both small and large rubble stones.

A visual representation of the main differences is shown in the table below:

Scope of materials application

It depends on the variety, strength grade and fraction size. Fine screenings up to 5 mm are sprinkled on paths (from ice or for safety reasons), and paving slabs or border elements are made from them. Crushed stone ranging from 3 to 20 mm is in demand when concreting foundations (from M100 and above), and preparing building mixtures. Medium-fraction (from 20 to 40 mm) is suitable in terms of strength characteristics for mixing concrete for pouring critical structures and objects, including bridges and roads. Crushed stone over 40 mm is used either for masonry or for decoration.

Due to the lack of roughness and a wide choice of colors, gravel is selected for the implementation of landscape projects: designing flower beds, arranging paths and platforms. There are different colors: gray-blue, black, pinkish, white, shades of yellow and brown, mix mixtures are very popular, and in this it compares favorably with gray and monotonous crushed stone. The advantages of the material as a decorative material include color saturation when wet and changes in shades under different lighting conditions.

Many manufacturers offer granite, limestone or gravel crushed stone; delivery conditions and the minimum batch size should be clarified in advance. Wholesale batches help you save money; the price difference reaches 10% or more.

Bulk materials are sold in bulk; when ordering them, it is extremely important to check the availability of a certificate confirming the low background radioactivity and other declared characteristics. Decorative (painted or natural) types are sold in pre-packaged bags, their minimum cost is 20 rubles per 1 kg.

Rocks and natural materials are widely used in construction work. The main ones are gravel and crushed stone, the differences between which are not always obvious to the layman. They need to be understood, since the characteristics and properties of minerals determine their scope of application.

Main characteristics of gravel

Natural gravel is formed during the destruction of rocks in natural conditions and can have a variety of geological origin– river, sea, mountain, glacial. Its extraction consists of collecting, further washing, sizing and sorting if necessary. Artificial (expanded clay) material is manufactured industrially.

The natural mineral has many varieties, the main ones physical and mechanical properties which vary greatly and depend on:

• the type of rock from which it was formed;
• geographical location of the mining site;
• composition of the mixture.

Important indicators are determined experimentally for each batch. These include:

• Fraction. It can have a range of 1–70 mm - according to this indicator, the mixture is divided into several groups.
• Strength. Most types of gravel are loose material. If the mineral was formed from fragments of granite, marble or quartz, then it has high strength indicators.
• Abrasion– from 10 to 50%.
• Density– from 1.43 to 1.61 t/cub.m.
• Frost resistance– from 15 to 300 freezing cycles without loss of strength.

The acceptability of using gravel for certain purposes is determined by the hardness and roughness of the mineral. The higher the indicators, the more durable the product can be obtained. In construction, the material most often used is from hard rocks, and the technical requirements for it are regulated by GOST 8267-93.

Crushed stone is obtained as a result of the deliberate destruction of large blocks of limestone, granite, dolomite, large fractions of gravel or secondary raw materials by crushing using special equipment. Excellent ability to adhere to the components of the building mixture due to the sharp angles that the material receives during mechanical crushing is the main difference between crushed stone and gravel. This is the main technological property of the material, which determines its widespread use for the production of concrete solutions.

Other important characteristics include:

Flakiness. This is the percentage content in the total mass of individual fractions of a flat, lamellar shape. The lower this indicator, the higher the brand name the material has:

• up to 15%– cuboid;
• 15 –25% – improved;
• 25 – 50% - ordinary.

Fraction. The sizes of crushed stone are regulated by GOST. There are several groups, each of which is used for specific purposes:

• dropout up to 5 mm– as an anti-icing material;
• 5–10 mm– for the production of concrete slabs and mortars;
• 10–20 mm– as a base for roads and buildings;
• 20–40mm– for the production of complex heavy structures;
• 40–70 mm– for the construction of multi-storey buildings, highways;
• 70–120 mm– for decorative purposes.

Differences between crushed stone and gravel

Both materials are of natural inorganic origin. Understanding the difference between gravel and crushed stone will help you make the right choice for a given task.

Form of factions. Crushed stone can be immediately identified by its sharp edges. Sea and river gravel has a streamlined shape, which is a consequence of the long-term influence of water. The mountain species has a slightly rough surface.

Color. Crushed stone is only gray. Numerous types of sedimentary mineral have different natural shades.

Grip index. Thanks to its rough, irregular shape, crushed stone easily combines with other components of the concrete mixture. The adhesive properties of its opponent are significantly lower due to its streamlined shape.

Application. The differences between crushed stone and gravel determine their areas of use. The main purpose of the first material is as a filler for concrete solutions. Only some types of gravel (mountain, shungizite, washed or glacial) are suitable for the production of building mixtures. Most often the sedimentary mineral is used as:

• foundation cushion to prevent water stagnation;
• embankment for highways;
• natural filter for natural wells and household appliances;
• material for landscape design, decorating artificial reservoirs, forming garden paths.

Gravel is a unique decorative mineral. In some cases, it is suitable for concrete mixtures with moderate strength - its use can reduce the cost of the solution. For the production of heavy solutions and products with increased requirements, crushed stone must be used as a filler.

Finishing, backfilling, decorative paths, drainage, concrete pours, reinforced concrete structures - all these and other construction works are impossible without gravel and crushed stone. However, to a person far from the production environment, the fundamental differences between these materials are not noticeable at first, superficial glance: both are almost identical in appearance, both are used for approximately the same list of works, and both belong to dense rocks. However, in reality, crushed stone and gravel are two different building materials, each with its own characteristic features and differences.

What are crushed stone and gravel?

Both crushed stone and gravel are relatively small pieces of rock whose main purpose is construction. The diameter of individual stones can be very different - from 5 to 200 mm, while the grain size is dictated by the technological requirements for the construction work being carried out. The main difference between crushed stone and gravel is the shape. Crushed stone has sharp, rough edges, while gravel has much more rounded shapes. It is the shape that affects the difference in application: crushed stone is ideal for use in concrete and reinforced concrete solutions, while gravel is better suited for decorative purposes.

Production of crushed stone and gravel

Natural gravel is loose, loose fragments of various dense rocks that have a sloping, rounded shape with vaguely defined edges. Gravel is formed only in natural conditions, in the process of natural, temporary destruction of the rock. According to GOST, gravel can have different sizes - from 5 to 80 mm, and larger gravel is crushed into crushed stone.

According to geological characteristics, gravel is divided into several subspecies - river, sea, glacial and mountain. The gravel of water resources - river and sea - has the most streamlined shapes, and therefore its construction value is lower than that of the other two types. Rounded edges have a very low degree of adhesion to other substances, in particular with concrete mixtures, therefore in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete products it is preferable to use glacial and mountain gravel.

Essentially gravel mining is the collection of scattered stones lying on the surface using special equipment. In the future, if necessary, the stones undergo additional processing - calibration, screening, washing. The resulting material, which is relatively homogeneous in composition, is called gravel.

Since gravel is formed during the destruction of rocks, it contains a very high content of various debris - sand, clay, particles of organic substances, and so on. Therefore, the processing of natural gravel includes not only sorting into fractions, but also screening, and sometimes washing - this allows you to get rid of sedimentary impurities.

Natural gravel contains a wide variety of rocks and minerals. Because of this feature, the assessment of strength and resistance to temperature changes must be made on the basis of several samples, with the obligatory inclusion of the weakest, easily destructible grains.

Crushed stone is also a derivative of the destruction of rocks, but, unlike gravel, the destruction is carried out intentionally. Often, crushed stone is formed during stripping operations as a by-product, and is also a consequence of mining and processing operations.
In the production of crushed stone, several types of crushing machines are used, the type and type of which is determined by the required quality of the final product. Crushing equipment can be either stationary or mobile, depending on the deposits of natural material.

The first stage of crushed stone extraction– in the case when its production is not concomitant – it is a rock explosion. Blasting specialists make a hole in the rock mass into which explosives are placed. After detonating the charge, engineers determine whether the resulting debris is of sufficient size. If necessary, large blocks are undermined again. Then, using special equipment, the stone fragments are delivered to the installation site of crushing equipment. Special screens and mills – crushing and screening machines – crush stones to required size. The fraction or size of the grain - an individual pebble in the crushed stone mass - is determined by the technological features of the work for which the crushed stone is intended.

During mining and processing operations, the production of crushed stone looks a little different. Here, the main stage of production is sifting of the enriched rocks, during which crushed stone is selected. This is exactly what the rock will be, which does not contain mined substances, the so-called empty, that is, it is a by-product of the development of the field. This kind of crushed stone production is less common than traditional blasting.

Main characteristics of crushed stone

Crushed stone is widely used in construction - in the preparation of concrete forms and mortars, in road laying, in the production of asphalt and bitumen, in finishing and decorative works, etc. Of course, for the right choice For the corresponding material, you need to know the basic technical characteristics of crushed stone. And, perhaps, the main one is the faction.

Fraction
Fraction is the grain size of crushed stone. Depending on the requirements, the dimensions of one pebble can be from 5 to 200 mm, and the customer performing construction work may well order crushed stone of the required fraction. In most cases, the fraction is regulated by the GOST corresponding to the work and cannot be changed arbitrarily - this will negatively affect the quality of the work.

Adhesion
The second most important factor determining the technical parameters of crushed stone is adhesion.
Adhesion is the ability of an individual grain of crushed stone to adhere to cement mortar or other building components. Usually the degree of adhesion is determined visually - the darker the crushed stone, the higher the degree of adhesion. It depends on the source rocks from which the crushed stone is made; dark, igneous rocks are stronger and, when ground, produce more uneven edges, which ensures proper adhesion.

Flakiness
The third parameter influencing the choice of crushed stone as a building material is its flakiness.
Flakiness is the presence of flat grains and individual plate-shaped pebbles in the crushed stone mass. Unlike the previous parameter, the flakiness value of good crushed stone should be as low as possible. Lamellar - flakier - are considered grains whose thickness and width are three or more times less than their length. Depending on the percentage of flakier grains in the crushed stone mass, the finished product is divided into three main trade groups:

• cuboid– weight of flakier grains less than 15%;
• improved– mass of flakier grains from 15% to 25%;
• regular– mass of flakier grains from 25% to 50%.

The cuboid group is most highly valued, since in addition to higher strength, it also has good filling and compaction properties. Lamellar grains leave a lot of voids when preparing a concrete mixture, and this leads to increased consumption of the solution and, as a consequence, to an increase in the cost of the construction process. Therefore, cube-shaped crushed stone is considered to be of the highest quality and more expedient to use from an economic point of view.

Strength
In addition to the three main characteristics mentioned above, there is also the strength of crushed stone - that is, wear resistance, determined during the crushing process. Strength is not only the ability of a stone to be destroyed in a crushing apparatus, but also its resistance to compression and crushing. Strength is one of the the most important characteristics during road construction work.

Frost resistance
It is also worth mentioning frost resistance - an important factor for Russian latitudes. This indicator demonstrates how much deep freezing and subsequent thawing crushed stone can withstand without compromising strength and, as a consequence, adhesion.

Radioactivity
Well, the last characteristic is radioactivity. Each natural material has its own degree of radioactivity, often this is the minimum natural background, but there are also certain incidents. This indicator is determined only by the sanitary-epidemiological station, which has a license to issue such conclusions. Depending on the degree of radioactivity, the range of works in which the use of crushed stone as a building material will be permitted is outlined.

Main types of crushed stone

Crushed stone is divided into several groups according to the types of rocks from which it is produced.

Granite crushed stone
The most widespread type of crushed stone. Granite is frozen ancient magma, once, during the period of geological formation of the earth's crust, ejected by volcanoes from the depths of the globe. Contains inclusions of mica, spar, quartz and other things. Thanks to these inclusions, it can deservedly be considered the most durable of all. existing species crushed stone
Granite crushed stone comes in only two types: durable and high-strength. This type of material has increased frost resistance, minimal flakiness and practically zero content of various impurities.
Granite is deservedly very popular among builders. Its cuboid shape makes this crushed stone an excellent filler for various mixtures. In addition, depending on the number of inclusions of spar or quartz, this crushed stone can be the most different colors- from almost white to pink-red, and this is an excellent indicator for using it for finishing and decorative purposes.

Limestone crushed stone
As the name suggests, this type of crushed stone consists almost entirely of limestone rocks. Limestone is a product of organic decomposition, a sedimentary rock formed on the site of ancient seas. Unlike granite, it lies in layers that are clearly visible in the cross-section of the mountain range. Depending on natural chemical additives - iron, sulfur and others - limestone can be either white or pink, brown and yellow.
In terms of strength and conditions of use, crushed limestone is noticeably inferior to granite, which is why it is used mostly either in road work or finishing. However, limestone is a very frost-resistant material, in addition, its environmental characteristics are also beyond praise. Such gravel does not contain various impurities, including harmful and radioactive nuclides.

crushed gravel
In addition to being used in its pure, finished form, gravel also serves as a material for making crushed stone from it. This happens when the gravel is too large in size of individual grains, that is, in its fraction, and requires additional grinding - screening.
This type of crushed stone is distinguished by fairly high technical characteristics, close to those of granite crushed stone. However, during the production of crushed gravel, a certain amount of sedimentary impurities is formed in the form of sand, clay, and organic matter, which is why this type of crushed stone requires additional sifting.
Due to its high performance and low cost, crushed gravel often acts as a substitute for granite crushed stone, serving as a filler for concrete. However, this type of crushed stone is most widely used in road construction, both in the production of asphalt itself and as drainage.

Despite the similarity, between difference between gravel and crushed stone can be quite significant. Of course, in both cases we're talking about about small stones of natural origin (with the exception of artificial crushed stone). The use of crushed stone and gravel is also in many ways similar - these are construction and decorative areas. The difference between materials lies primarily in origin. In both cases it is natural, however, for natural crushed stone it can only be mountain, and for gravel it can additionally be river or sea (when mined simultaneously with sand).

To make crushed stone, the process of crushing rock is used, whereas it is a ready-made natural material that was formed naturally. From this characteristic comes the difference in appearance - gravel will almost always be more neat and rounded in comparison with crushed stone. Artificial material obtained by crushing is rougher and more angular. Thus, crushed stone is the best filler when making concrete, and in comparison with gravel, it allows us to provide a much higher quality of the finished material.

If we compare gravel and crushed stone, difference There is also a difference between them in terms of the sizes of individual particles. For crushed stone, fractions ranging in size from 5 to 20 millimeters are small, while from 5 to 10 millimeters are large fractions. An important feature of crushed stone is the uniformity of color (in most cases we are talking about a single-color material). As for gravel, its colors can be very diverse. For this reason, it is the preferred solution for decorative landscape decoration. Using multi-colored smooth grains will give a much stronger effect than using single-color crushed stone.

Not last role The issue of the cost of materials plays a role - the difference here is small, and they belong to the same price range. Thus, it is recommended to make a choice depending on your goals, while the issue of price is of secondary importance here.

When using the materials in question for construction, the difference will be that high quality adhesion to cement can only be achieved by using crushed stone - it is this material that is most often used in the construction of foundations. One of the main advantages of gravel is appearance, while technically this material will not be the best solution. At the same time, it is difficult to use for decorative purposes, and this material is to a greater extent is technical. There are several types of crushed stone, which are determined by the original structure of the rock from which it was obtained. These types of crushed stone can be classified according to fractions, temperature stability, and some other parameters.

It should be noted that the existing between difference between gravel and crushed stone does not exclude the existence of such material as crushed gravel. This type of crushed stone is obtained artificially - by crushing monolithic rock. It is highly durable, and production costs are significantly lower than in the case of granite crushed stone. Moreover, this material has the highest resistance to temperature changes. The material is excellent for foundation construction. It is recommended to use crushed granite in the foundations of massive buildings, since it is the most durable in comparison with other types of crushed stone. Crushed stone made from limestone is only suitable for the construction of small structures. Here it is possible to use fairly large gravel.

Old Believers and Old Believers: history of origin

Old Believer noblewoman Morozova

In the fall of 1884, the artist Vasily Surikov began to paint a picture that he had planned for a long time. For several years he wrote etudes and sketches in pencil, watercolor and even oil. And in 1887, he exhibited it at the fifteenth traveling art exhibition. It took viewers back to the distant 17th century. As the author himself said, he depicted the shame of following the noblewoman Feodosia Prokopyevna Morozova for interrogation to the Kremlin for her commitment to a split in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. But it is not only the image of Morozova that fascinates the audience of this film with its tragedy. The picture contained the dramatic history of the entire Russian people, all layers of society, the drama of different generations and destinies. This went beyond the scope of a personal tragedy, describing the tragedy of an entire century.

Feodosia Sokovnina was preparing for the wedding. She married the boyar Gleb Morozov, whose brother was the Tsar's tutor. Entering the Morozov family, Theodosia became one of the richest and most noble noblewomen of Moscow. On that sunny day, it seemed that nothing could darken her happiness. Theodosius did not know that she would soon give birth to a son, and after a while she would remain a widow and heir to the enormous fortune of the Morozov brothers. She also did not know that Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich would summon her, the richest and most noble noblewoman of Moscow, for questioning. That she, the queen’s friend, would be tortured on the rack. It is he, the sovereign, who she will threaten, raising her hand with folded two fingers to the sky. She did not know that she, along with her sister and closest friend, would be put in a damp dungeon, where they subsequently died of hunger. And the reason for all this will be a schism, cutting in two not only the church, but also all of Rus'.

To eradicate the Old Believers: the policy of Tsar A.M. Romanov, which led to a split in religion and society

Having ascended the throne at the age of 16, Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov knew what goal he was going towards. The purpose of this was to create Orthodox Empire such as Byzantium. Since the Russian state developed quite successfully and even managed to unite with itself the entire territory now called the state of Ukraine, the tsar had the ambitious idea of ​​being the restorer of a universal Orthodox state. He dreamed of liberating the lands of the Balkans, Constantinople, Greece and becoming the new emperor. Greek bishops and metropolitans had favor with Tsar Alexei and were frequent guests in his reception chambers. They fueled his feelings to unite and spread their Orthodox faith.
Reform was necessary to change the principles of the already established faith of his people. With the help of this reform, the texts of all holy books, which were used by Russian clergy. Consequently, the changes also affected the performed ceremonies and rituals.

Tsar Romanov A.M. for religious reform finds a Russian clergyman who gravitates towards Greek system Christianity. It was the Metropolitan of Novgorod named Nikon. He said that he was Russian himself, but gravitated towards the Greek religious system.

Even at the beginning of the reign of Alexei Romanov, the tsar’s confessor Stefan Vonifatiev created a circle of “zealots of piety” under the sovereign. Its goal was to strengthen the role of the Orthodox faith, elevate the authority of the church and fight against Catholicism and Protestantism. The circle included the most active devotees, such as Novgorod Metropolitan Nikon, Archpriest Avvakum, rector of the Kazan Cathedral Ivan Neronov and others. All of them were supporters of the idea of ​​Rus' as the third Rome. They all emphasized that Rus' is God’s chosen state, the only one in the world that has preserved true spiritual knowledge and faith. The confessors wanted to create an ideal Orthodox kingdom. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov was to become an example of life according to Christ. Therefore, the image of a Christian king was created - a strict zealot of the faith, whose life is completely subordinated church rules and regulations. But the king owned universal idea empire, and Nikon strongly supported this idea.

New Patriarch against Old Believers

In 1652, with the active assistance of Alexei Mikhailovich, Nikon became the patriarch of the Russian church. Remembering the king’s instructions, the new patriarch immediately began church reform. His first innovation was a demand sent to all parishes, which spoke of replacing prostrations- waist and baptism with three fingers - instead of two. This immediately caused protest. First of all, his colleagues in the circle of piety protested. Many clergy and ordinary people This reform was perceived by the laity as a change of faith. Many saw this as a threat to the salvation of their souls. An idea has become popular among the people saying that Nikon became a servant of the Antichrist or that he is the Antichrist.

The powerful Patriarch Nikon, in turn, began persecuting people he disliked, which were his former circle comrades and other priests who opposed religious reform. Zealots of the faith, such as Archpriest Ivan Neronov, Boyarina Morozova, and Deacon Fyodor Ivanov publicly declared that a fierce time had come, the kingdom of the Antichrist. Archpriests Avvakum and Daniel wrote a letter to the king, where they exposed the heresy of Patriarch Nikon. Having learned about this, the patriarch ordered the capture of the priests who disobeyed his will. They were taken into custody. Daniel was shaved and exiled to Astrakhan. Avvakum was kept in prison for ten months and then, together with his family, was exiled to Siberia. On the way, the archpriest was treated cruelly: they were beaten with a whip and thrown into the cold snow. He was deprived of his clergy and cursed. In turn, Avvakum cursed Patriarch Nikon. Thus began a long religious schism that continues to this day.

It is difficult for modern people to imagine how people can be tortured and executed, burned and self-immolated over such issues as baptism with two or three fingers. What actually happened? What caused such a violent reaction in Russian church society?

The church schism was a global catastrophe. The change concerned not only rituals, since behind this there were two main questions:
Is Rus' really a carrier true faith? Can the highest ranks of clergy personally change the scriptures, making significant changes to them?

However, the schism affected not only the church. Everyone who was dissatisfied or offended by the authorities, from the boyars to the very bottom of the peasants and serfs, went into schism to express their protest. All the troubles and executions after the suppressed uprisings, the relocation of villagers to newly built cities, the enslavement of peasants, the plague of 1954 - all this was attributed to the violation of the old church customs. And indeed, many innovations were introduced that regulated a person into the church.

Some of the innovations:

• Priests were ordered to take one ruble for a wedding, two rubles for a second marriage, and three rubles for a third marriage, even if one of the previous spouses died a natural death.
• Previously, among peasants, weddings did not always include mandatory marriage. The ceremony was performed when they considered it convenient for themselves. Now this was condemned by the church as adultery.
• A girl or widow who gave birth to a child out of wedlock had to go to a monastery, and the culprit (the child’s father) had to pay a fine of three rubles to the metropolitan’s treasury.
• At the beginning of the 1680s they began to demand compulsory visits church from the age of twelve. Also, a person had to observe fasts and confess. Those people who did not come to confession were noted in a special notebook and were considered schismatics.

Persecution and Persecution education of the Old Believers (Old Believers)

In the years 1670-1680, the regime of persecution intensified. Raskolnikov was ordered to be tied up and brought to court. They were allowed to use torture. After three warnings, they were burned and their ashes scattered to the wind. Many Old Believers were burned according to this principle: they drove men, women, children and old people into one hut and set it on fire.

Those people who were ready to repent were exiled to a monastery and kept there on bread and water for the rest of their lives. Concealing information about the Old Believers was punishable by scourging and exile to the distant cities of Siberia. This also applied to priests.

With such measures the government decided to intimidate the population into obedience, but the result was the opposite. Archpriest Avvakum urged the Old Believers to accept death by fire rather than accept the new faith. He assured that by dying for the sake of their faith, they would turn into holy martyrs and enter the Kingdom of God.

All over Rus', burning huts were blazing - this is how Old Believers were burned alive. This Inquisition was supported by the Tsar of Rus'. Some Old Believers, seeing that they were already being followed, set fire to their hut themselves and died for their faith. This went on for decades. The best part of the clergy who adhere to the Old Believers went to the schism group. Some burned themselves, some were burned by the government. In the 17th century, about 20,000 families protested new faith burned themselves in their hut. Many Old Believers left their homes and went to live in the forest.

The roots of the schism of the seventeenth century must be sought in those changes church life and Russian society, which occurred in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, with the arrival of the Greek princess Sophia or Zoe Paleologus in Moscow. Having become the wife of Grand Duke Ivan III and being the heiress of the Byzantine emperors, Sophia instilled Byzantine or Greek rules into the Russian church. Together with her, a large retinue of unemployed Greek priests and monks who had lost their parishes in the occupied lands of Byzantium came to Rus'. Here in Rus' they received high positions. The Russian Church increasingly became Greek. Current Orthodox Church completely adopted the Greek rules of rituals. All the rituals carried out in our time come precisely from Greek Orthodoxy (liturgy, memorial service, prayer services).

When the church unrest of the 15-16 centuries subsided and the unrest of the Old Believers and Old Believers was suppressed, the Moscow authorities declared that Rus' had now become the Third Rome. But there was another significant reason, thanks to which the concept of “Moscow - the Third Rome” was rapidly gaining strength. This was a false understanding of the imminence of the end of the world by church hierarchs.

At one time, Archbishop Gennady Gonzov, who was engaged in the suppression of icon-minded Old Believers in Novgorod, quite seriously believed that since the Greek church calendar Pascal ends in 1492, which means this year will be the last in history. This calendar counted years from the creation of the world and it was in this year that 6,000 years ended, after which, as they believed then, the second coming of Christ would come. Many priests did not agree with the archbishop's point of view. They, on the basis of the sacred scriptures, proved to him that none of the people was given the ability to know the time of the second coming of Christ. But Archbishop Gennady fanatically defended his opinion and was ready, with the permission of the authorities, to persecute priests who disobeyed him.

When the end of the world did not happen at the appointed time, another admirer of Greek church culture under the name Joseph Volotsky came to the rescue of the erring priests. He interpreted 1492 as the beginning of the thousand-year reign on earth. He believed that a favorable kingdom would come when all enemies were defeated. Namely, he meant that all the peoples of the earth had to submit to Rus'.
[A very strange statement for a clergyman, who, in theory, should not interfere in politics with non-based scriptures ideas. Most likely, this priest acted out of his own selfish motives for the sake of profit and glory. A true clergyman must speak only the truth, guided by the scriptures, and should not adapt to the government even under the threat of reprisals. Old Believers and Old Believers died for their faith in the Lord God and did not change their minds, adapting to the stupid intentions of the country’s government.]

Old Believers and Old Believers: training, life, work, prayer

The Old Believers say this: “We adhere to Christianity, adopted in Rus' in 988 (baptism of Rus'). Beneficial influence christian church on society and governance lasted for many centuries. But ultimately, incompetent rulers came to power and wanted to reduce their influence true knowledge on society and subjugate the administration of the church. For these purposes, the government nominated the necessary priests for the post of patriarch, who established new rules and customs. After which persecution began against the disobedient for their faith, mass exile to Siberia, prison sentences and torture mass executions, forcible compulsion to attend church for the entire people."

For true Old Believers it is forbidden to use technical progress In modern civilization, it is considered a sin to watch TV, listen to the radio, use electricity, use cars, tractors and other equipment. They also can't get a passport because they say it has the devil's seal on it. All married women are required to cover their head and hair with a scarf, men must wear long beards. Old Believers usually have a lot of children: six to ten children is quite normal for Old Believer families. They do not send their children to a modern school, but teach them to read and write at home. They usually provide elementary school knowledge: reading, spelling, basic mathematics. This is quite enough for life in a settlement and community. All children in the family from an early age help their parents with housework and learn certain crafts. As soon as children reach puberty, they try to marry them off.

The Old Believers have their own education system, which involves memorizing more prayers, teaching reading, arithmetic and znamenny singing. They have several books that they use for teaching: ABC, Psalter and Book of Hours. Children who are drawn to spiritual knowledge are taught Slavic writing and icon painting.

The Old Believers themselves try to live as isolated as possible. They lead a sedentary lifestyle. They are mainly engaged in agriculture: they plow the land, plant grain crops, vegetables and some fruits. In the summer, they often collect all kinds of berries, nuts and mushrooms. Old Believers hold different types animals: chickens, goats, rams, cows, horses. According to their faith, it is allowed to use the flesh of killed animals for food.

Old Believers try to observe all fasts, pray before meals, and conduct joint prayers. They cook food on fire and in ovens. They give food to guests who are not related to the Old Believer tradition in dishes specially designated for guests. They don’t like being filmed and try to hide their faces. They claim that this is sinful for them and then they have to make a thousand prostrations to the ground in order to pray given sin. Old Believers are not allowed inside their temple; they say that non-believers are forbidden to enter. Well, accordingly, they don’t allow you to take pictures inside the temple either. Some of the Old Believers are more willing to make contact and allow themselves to be filmed, tell how everything works for them, invite them home and feed them food. And the older generation is not in the mood to communicate with non-believers.

They mainly buy clothes, kitchen utensils, and many other tools in the store, since there are practically no craftsmen involved in the production of these things among the small settlements of Old Believers. They cut and sew clothes for going to church themselves, albeit from store-bought fabric. Horses replace cars and tractors. Among the Old Believers, a child from an early age already knows how to ride a horse. A horse is always needed in a village: to plow the land, to take dried hay from the field, to bring firewood from the forest in a cart, and to go to a distant place.

Particularly closed Old Believers do not have a passport as a citizen of the country. They do not receive any pensions or benefits. All hope is only in your own strength and in the Lord God. Since all Old Believers are family people and have many children, they have no need to worry in old age: about receiving a pension, about their illnesses and other adversities. Children will always help elderly parents.

Basically, Old Believers are strong and seasoned people who live outside the most better conditions and climate. The harsh Siberian winters, the lack of emergency medical care, and constant physical labor made the Old Believers truly strong and responsible people.

Old Believers and Old Believers: some statistics

There are several main names of Old Believers communities:

• Chapels
• Old manism
• Nikolaev Bespopovtsy
• Kerzhaki

Old Believer settlements were seen in the Urals at the beginning of the 19th century. The Old Believers usually call “consent” a large religious movement that unites all communities: priestly and non-priestly. Priestly communities are communities that have clergy and have their own hierarchy. Accordingly, based on the very name, “bespopovtsy” means that such communities did not have their own clergy. Among the Bespopovites, the head of the family (the husband) himself took care of the religious enlightenment of his family. For example, unlike other settlements, the Chapel Society accepted fugitive clergy into its communities. They did not cross them, but simply performed a simple ceremony. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Chasovnoye community began to be called Bespopovskoye. In this society, this type of baptismal rite was practiced, such as baptism with repeated complete immersion of the body of the person undergoing this ritual.

There were more non-priestly Old Believers communities than priestly ones, with a ratio of 3:1. Among the non-popovsky communities we can name such as: Pastukhovo, Lyubushkino, Filippovskoye Consent and others. Popovsky concords: Novoblessed, Novozybkovskoe, Suslovskoe and others. Look at the picture.

After brutal reprisals and persecution, the Old Believers fled to save their lives deep into Siberia and other countries. The agreement of the Old Believers was noted in many regions of Russia: Altai, Altai Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kemerovo Region, Tomsk Region, Far East, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, Amur Region. In other countries: Brazil, the USA (Oregon, Alaska) there were also Old Believers who fled due to persecution for their faith in Russia. The Old Believers number about 25 communities (not to be confused with a settlement, since one community could include several dozen settlements). The total number of Old Believers and Old Believers in Russia alone numbered about two million people (2,000,000).

Old Believers and Old Believers: differences from the Orthodox

• Old Believers cross themselves with two fingers clasped together instead of three.
• Baptism occurs by complete immersion in water, and not by pouring water from a ladle.
• Rare use of the eight-pointed Crucifix. The four-pointed Crucifix is ​​not applied at all. Old Believers prefer a simple four-pointed cross.
• The Old Believers in their sacred scriptures wrote the name Jesus with one letter “I”, without the new addition of the second letter Jesus.
• Old Believers prefer unison and monodic singing of prayers. They are unacceptable following types singing: partes, operatic, chromatic.
• Services to God are carried out according to ancient scripture"Church eye", which corresponds to the Jerusalem liturgical charter.
• Full performance of canon songs and prayers.
• Akathists and other later prayer works are practically not used.
• The Passion service of Lent is not taking place.
• The Old Believers have initial and initial bows, which were removed after the reform of Patriarch Nikon.
• For Old Believers, everything in the services should happen synchronously: simultaneous bows, baptism, prayers out loud, etc.
• Holy water is considered to be the water that is consecrated on the birthday of Jesus Christ or on the day of his baptism.
• The procession of the cross among the Old Believers goes in the direction of the sun, that is, clockwise.
• It is preferable for Christians to attend services and prayers in traditional Russian attire: caftan, sundress, kosovorot, etc.
• Old Believers also use the Old Church Slavonic spelling of some words. For example, David - David, Eva - Evva, Jerusalem - Jerusalem and the like.
• In their prayers, Old Believers say the word Hallelujah (at the end or beginning of the prayers) twice and then the phrase “glory to you, God.” If we translate the word "Hallelujah", it will literally mean "glory to you God." IN modern church The word Hallelujah is pronounced three times in a row: “Hallelujah, hallelujah, hallelujah, glory to You, O God.” In this way they affirm the glory of the Holy Trinity. But the Old Believers make the remark that the third word hallelujah is already superfluous, since “glory to you God” is the third hallelujah and veneration of the Holy Trinity.