Presentation on the topic: Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times. Presentation "Renaissance" presentation for a history lesson on the topic Natural philosophy of the Renaissance presentation

RENAISSANCE Philosophy

Question 1. Prerequisites for the emergence and features of humanistic philosophy

Prerequisites for the formation of humanistic philosophy :

• improvement of tools and production relations;
• development of crafts and trade (the authority of the Italian city-republics);
• strengthening cities, turning them into trade, craft, military, cultural and political centers, independent of feudal lords and the Church;
• strengthening, centralization of European states, strengthening of secular power;

• the emergence of the first parliaments;
• lag behind life, crisis of the Church and scholastic (church) philosophy;
• increasing the level of education in Europe as a whole and the formation of a system of secular education;
• great geographical discoveries (Columba, Vasco da Gama, Magellan);
• scientific and technical discoveries (invention of gunpowder, firearms, machine tools, blast furnaces, microscope, telescope, printing, discoveries in the field of medicine and astronomy, other scientific and technical achievements).

Characteristic features of Renaissance philosophy :

• anthropocentrism and humanism - the predominance of interest in man, faith in him limitless possibilities and dignity;

• secularization public consciousness, opposition to the Church and church ideology (that is, the denial not of religion itself, of God, but of an organization that has made itself a mediator between God and believers);

• moving the main interest from the form of the idea to its content;

• pantheism, and a fundamentally new, scientific-materialistic understanding of the surrounding world (spherical, not flat, Earth, rotation of the Earth around the Sun, and not vice versa, infinity of the Universe, new anatomical knowledge, etc.);

• great interest in social problems, society and the state;

• the triumph of individualism;

• widespread dissemination of the idea of ​​social equality.

Question 2 The main directions of philosophy of the Renaissance.

Main directions

direction

Humanism

Peculiarities:

• Humanism as a philosophical trend became widespread in Europe in the 14th - mid-15th centuries. Its center was Italy.
• In its genre, humanistic philosophy merged with literature and was presented allegorically and in artistic form.
• Most famous philosophers-humanists were also writers. They were primarily Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Lorenzo Valla;
• the desire to reduce the omnipotence of God and prove the intrinsic worth of man;
• anthropocentrism - special attention to man, glorification of his strength, greatness, and capabilities.

Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321) - "Divine Comedy" , "New life"

In his works Dante:

• glorifies Christianity, but at the same time, between the lines, he ridicules the contradictions and inexplicable dogmas of Christian teaching;
• praises a person;
• moves away from the interpretation of man solely as a divine creature;
• recognizes in man the presence of both divine and natural principles, which are in harmony with each other;
• believes in the happy future of man, his initially good nature.

Francesco Petrarca(1304 - 1374) - “Book of Songs”, “On Contempt for the World”.

• human life is given once and is unique;
• a person should live not for God, but for himself;
• the human personality must be free - both physically and spiritually;
• a person has freedom of choice and the right to express himself in accordance with this;
• a person can achieve happiness, relying only on himself and his own strength, he has sufficient potential for this;
• the afterlife most likely does not exist and immortality can only be achieved in the memory of people;
• a person should not sacrifice himself to God, but should enjoy life and love;
• appearance and inner world people are beautiful.

Natural philosophy

Main features of natural philosophy:

• justification of the materialistic view of the world;
• the desire to separate philosophy from theology;
• formation of a scientific worldview free from theology;
• putting forward a new picture of the world (in which God, Nature and Cosmos are one, and the Earth is not the center of the Universe);
• the most prominent representatives of natural philosophy of the Renaissance were Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolaus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei.

Nicolaus Copernicus(1473 - 1543), relying on astronomical research, put forward a fundamentally different picture of existence:

• The Earth is not the center of the Universe (geocentrism was rejected);
• The Sun is the center in relation to the Earth (geocentrism was replaced by heliocentrism);
• all cosmic bodies move along their own trajectory;
• space is infinite;
• the processes occurring in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of “sacred” meaning.

Giordano Bruno(1548 - 1600) developed and deepened philosophical ideas Copernicus:

• The Sun is the center only in relation to the Earth, but not the center of the Universe;
• The universe has no center and is infinite;
• The universe consists of galaxies (clusters of stars);
• stars - celestial bodies similar to the Sun and having their own planetary systems;
• the number of worlds in the Universe is infinite;
• all celestial bodies - planets, stars, as well as everything that is on them, have the property of movement;
• There is no God separate from the Universe; the Universe and God are one whole.

Galileo Galilei(1564 - 1642) in practice confirmed the correctness of the ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus and Giordano Bruno:

• invented a telescope and used it to explore celestial bodies;
• proved that celestial bodies move not only along a trajectory, but also simultaneously around their axis;
• discovered spots on the Sun and a varied landscape (mountains and deserts - “seas”) on the Moon;
• discovered satellites around other planets;
• studied the dynamics of falling bodies;
• proved the plurality of worlds in the Universe.

Utopian philosophy

Peculiarities:

• the main focus is on project development ideal state, where social contradictions would be destroyed and social justice would triumph;
• these projects were severely divorced from reality and practically unfeasible;
• the ideas of the utopian socialists reflected the desire to change the world, both in the Renaissance and in the future.
• The greatest contribution to the development of the theory of utopian socialism was made by Thomas More and Tommaso Campanella.

Thomas More(1478 - 1535) “Utopia” (Greek - a place that is nowhere) is a fictional island on which an ideal state is located.

• doesn't exist private property ;
• all citizens participate in productive work;
• labor is carried out on the basis of universal labor service;
• all produced products (results of labor) become the property of society (public warehouses) and are then evenly distributed among all residents of Utopia:
• due to the fact that everyone is busy with work, a short working day - six hours - is sufficient to ensure Utopia;
• from labor activity people who have demonstrated special abilities in science are released;
• the dirtiest work is performed by slaves - prisoners of war and convicted criminals;
• the primary unit of society is not the consanguineous family, but the “working family” (in fact, the work collective);
• all officials are elected - directly or indirectly;
• men and women have equal rights (as well as equal responsibilities);
• Residents believe in God, there is complete religious tolerance.

Tommaso Campanella(1568 - 1639) "City of the Sun".

• absent private property ;
• all citizens participate in productive work;
• the results of labor become the property of the whole society, and then evenly distributed between its members;
• work combines with simultaneous training;
• life of solariums regulated down to the smallest detail, from getting up to going to bed;
• solariums they do everything together: go from work to work, work, eat, relax, sing songs;
• much attention is paid education- from birth, the child is taken away from his parents and raised in special schools, where he is taught science and accustomed to collective life and other rules of behavior of the City of the Sun;
• at the head of the City of the Sun is a lifelong ruler (elected by solariums) - a Metaphysician, who owns all the knowledge of his era and all professions.

Political philosophy

Political philosophy has explored the problems of governance in reality existing state, methods of influencing people, methods of political struggle.

A prominent representative of political philosophy was Niccolo Machiavelli(1469 - 1527) - Italian politician, philosopher and writer.

Machiavelli's philosophy is based on the following basic principles:

• man has an inherently evil nature;
• the driving motives of human actions are selfishness and the desire for personal gain;
• the coexistence of people is impossible if everyone pursues only their own selfish interests;
• to curb the base nature of man, his egoism, a special organization is created - the state;

• the ruler must lead the state, not forgetting the base nature of his subjects;
• the ruler should look generous and noble, but not be so in reality, since when in contact with reality, these qualities will lead to the opposite result (the ruler will be overthrown by far from noble comrades or opponents, and the treasury will be squandered);
• in no case should a leader encroach on the property and personal lives of people;
• in the struggle for the liberation of the homeland from foreign rule for its independence, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.
• Machiavelli's philosophy became a guide to action for many politicians of both medieval and subsequent eras. Received the name "Machiavellianism".

The Doctrine of Fortune

• uncertainty life path person;
• fortune - “external force” determines only half of a person’s actions;
• the second half is determined by himself through the manifestation of free will, therefore man himself is “the smith of his own happiness.”

Conclusions:

• man began to be seen as the creator of himself and master over the surrounding nature;
• active human activity began to be highly valued as a way of existing in the world (especially creative activity);
• formation of a cult of human physical and spiritual beauty.

Historical types philosophy

Historical types of philosophy

Characteristic signs

1) Philosophy of the ancient east

2) Ancient philosophy

3) Medieval philosophy

4) Philosophy of the Renaissance

5) Philosophy of modern times

6) Philosophy of enlightenment

8) Russian philosophy

9) Modern philosophy

Historical types of philosophy and their representatives

Historical types of philosophy

Representatives

1) Philosophy of the ancient east

2) Ancient philosophy

3) Medieval philosophy

4) Philosophy of the Renaissance

5) Philosophy of modern times

6) Philosophy of enlightenment

7) Classical German philosophy

8) Russian philosophy

9) Modern philosophy

General characteristics. Humanism

• The Renaissance is completely occupied by two centuries - the 15th and 16th.
• The Renaissance (Renaissance) is usually divided into two periods: Southern (Italy, 14th - 15th centuries) and Northern (France, England - 15th-16th centuries).

• "Renaissance" is a term that came into use in the 19th century, in large part due to Jacob Burckhardt's work Renaissance Culture in Italy (published in Basel in 1860).
• In Burckhardt's work, the Renaissance appeared as a specifically Italian phenomenon, characterized by individualism, cult social life with emphasized sensuality, secular spirit with a tendency towards paganism, liberation from the power of authorities, special attention to history, philosophical naturalism and extraordinary taste for the arts.

• The term “Renaissance” cannot be considered an invention of historians of the 19th century for the simple reason that humanists clearly used (persistently and quite consciously) such expressions as: resurrect, restore shine to antiquities, renew, give new life, revive the ancient world, etc. d. They opposed new era light in which they lived, the Middle Ages as a period of darkness and ignorance.

• The philosophical thinking of this period can be characterized as anthropocentric.
• During the Renaissance, the individual acquires much greater independence, he increasingly represents not this or that union, but yourself. From here grows a new self-awareness of a person and his new social position: pride and self-affirmation, consciousness own strength and talent. The Renaissance individual tends to attribute all his achievements to himself. Man becomes his own creator. A person realizes himself as the creator of his own life and destiny.

• The term "humanism" has several meanings.
• 1. It is close to the concept of “artist” (artist), indicating teachers and teachers of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy. In addition, already in the 14th century, in order to designate these disciplines, they said “humanitarian disciplines”. The term Humanitas for Latin authors meant approximately what the Hellenes expressed with the term paideia, i.e. the upbringing and education of a person.

• 2. Love for a person. In the Renaissance, this is the love of creativity in man.
• It is in creativity that man is like God.
• The Southern Renaissance emphasized reason.

• The new worldview of the Renaissance also manifests itself in man's relationship to nature. Although the philosophy of nature is still associated with medieval philosophy, and the interpretation of the question of the relationship between God and the world remains central, characteristic feature During this period, its anti-scholastic orientation began. Since medieval philosophy was based on the philosophy of Aristotle, the natural philosophy of the Renaissance turns to the ideas of Platonism and Neoplatonism.

• One of the most profound thinkers and representative of Neoplatonism of the Renaissance was Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464). His most significant work is “On Learned Ignorance.”
• Cusansky brings God closer to nature, ascribes divine attributes to nature, and above all, infinity in space. As you know, the central concept of Neoplatonism is the concept of “One”. In Plato and the Neoplatonists, the One is characterized through the opposition to the “other,” the many, the non-united. Cusansky rejects ancient dualism and concludes that nothing is opposite to the One, the One is everything.
• Pantheism - God is everything. By studying nature you can know God.

• The idea of ​​an infinite world was developed by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), who made a revolutionary revolution in astronomy and laid the foundation for the heliocentric system. His main idea is the rejection of the idea of ​​the Earth as the center of the Universe, reducing it to the category of other planets. At the same time, in astronomy, anthropocentrism in views on the essence of the world, which has now opened up to us in all its rich diversity, began to gradually disappear, a world governed by objective laws, regardless of human consciousness and not subordinated to human purposes.

• The pantheistic philosophy of Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) was the apogee of development philosophical thought Renaissance. It embodies humanism, spontaneous dialectics and the greatness of nature. For J. Bruno, “God is the infinite in the finite, he is in everything and everywhere, not outside us, but as the most present.” The One - the central category of his philosophy - is at the same time the cause of being and the very existence of things, in it essence and existence are identified.

• Galileo Galilei (Italian: Galileo Galilei; February 15, 1564, Pisa - January 8, 1642, Arcetri) - Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician, who had a significant influence on the science of his time. He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries. Galileo is the founder of experimental physics. With his experiments, he convincingly refuted Aristotle's speculative metaphysics and laid the foundation of classical mechanics.
• During his lifetime, he was known as an active supporter of the heliocentric system of the world, which led Galileo to a serious conflict with the Catholic Church.

• Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (lat. Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, Dutch. Gerrit Gerritszoon; October 28, 1469, Gouda, a suburb of Rotterdam, Burgundian Netherlands - July 12, 1536, Basel, Swiss Union) - the largest scientist of the Northern Renaissance, nicknamed the “prince of humanists.”

• Essays:
• “Weapons of the Christian Warrior” (1504) and “Proverbs” (1508),
• "Praise of Folly" (1509, ed. 1511),
• treatise “On Free Will” (1524).
• Pedagogical essays:
• “On the initial education of children”, “On the good manners of children”, “Conversations”, “Method of teaching”, “Way to write letters”.

• Philosophy for Erasmus is knowledge, as it was for Socrates and other ancient authors. It is a wise understanding of life, especially practical prudence Christian life. Christian wisdom does not need to be complicated by syllogisms, and can be gleaned from the Gospels and Epistles of the Apostle Paul.

• Martin Luther (German Martin Luther November 10, 1483, Eisleben, Saxony - February 18, 1546, ibid.) - Christian theologian, initiator of the Reformation, translator of the Bible into German.

• Luther's works:
• "Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans" (1515-1516),
• “95 Theses on Indulgences” (1517),
• “28 theses for the debate in Heidelberg” (1518), works 1520: “To the Christian nobility of the German nation”, “On the reform of Christian education”, “On the Babylonian captivity of the Church”, “On the freedom of the Christian”, “On the slavery of the will” (against Erasmus, 1525).

• Luther's teaching contains three components:
• 1) the doctrine of the radical justification of man by faith;
• 2) the doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture as the only source of truth;
• 3) the doctrine of universal worship and the associated freedom of independent interpretation of Scripture.

• Niccolò Machiavelli (Machiavelli, Italian Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli; May 3, 1469, Florence - June 21, 1527, ibid.) - Italian thinker, philosopher, writer, politician (served as Secretary of State in Florence), author of military theoretical works . He was a supporter of strong state power, to strengthen which he allowed the use of any means, which he expressed in the famous work “The Sovereign.”

• Machiavelli is one of the few figures of the Renaissance who, in his works, raised the question of the role of the personality of the ruler. He believed, based on the realities of contemporary Italy, which suffered from feudal fragmentation, that a strong, albeit remorseless, sovereign at the head of a single country was better than rival appanage rulers. Thus, Machiavelli raised in philosophy and history the question of the relationship moral standards and political expediency.

• Thomas More (English: Sir Thomas More, better known as Saint Thomas More; February 7, 1478, London - July 6, 1535, London) - English thinker, writer, humanist, canonized saint of the Catholic Church.

• Thomas More called his main work“A golden little book, as useful as it is funny, about the best structure of the state and about the new island of Utopia.”
• First of all, in Utopia private property is abolished and all exploitation is destroyed. In its place, socialized production is established. In “Utopia” the attitude towards all religions is tolerant, and only atheism is prohibited, for adherence to which one was deprived of citizenship rights.

• Tommaso Campanella (Italian: Tommaso Campanella, at baptism received the name Giovanni Domenico, Italian: Giovanni Domenico; September 5, 1568 - May 21, 1639, Paris) - Italian philosopher and writer, one of the first representatives of utopian socialism.

• The population of the “City of the Sun” leads a “philosophical life in communism,” that is, they have everything in common, not excluding their wives. With the destruction of property, many vices are destroyed in the city of the Sun, all pride disappears and love for the community develops.
• The people are governed by a supreme high priest, who is called the Metaphysician and is chosen from among the wisest and most learned citizens. To assist him, a triumvirate of Power, Wisdom and Love was established - council of three leaders of the entire political and social life of the country subordinate to the Metaphysician.

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Presentation slides

Slide 1

Topic 5. Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times.

Humanism and natural philosophy of the Renaissance. Socio-political views of the Renaissance. Empiricism and rationalism in the philosophy of modern times. Socio-political concepts of the New Age.

Slide 2

Literature:

Bruno J. About the reason, the beginning and the one. Bruno J. About infinity, the universe and worlds. More T. Utopia. Bacon F. Idols human mind. Descartes R. Rules for guiding the mind. Descartes R. Philosophical understanding of nature. Spinoza B. The Doctrine of Substance. Leibniz. Monadology. Hobbes T. Leviathan. Locke J. Theory of knowledge. Hume D. On human nature. Berkeley J. On principles human knowledge. Huizinga J. Autumn of the Middle Ages. M., 1988. Film: On the way to the golden ratio: “Philosophy and Art.”

Slide 3

The term "Renaissance" was first used by the Italian artist and architect Giorgio Vasari in the book "Biographies of the Most Famous Painters, Sculptors and Architects" in 1550.

Periodization of the Renaissance: Proto-Renaissance: XIII century – ducento - “two hundredths”, 1200s. Early Renaissance: XIV century – trecento – “three hundredths”, 1300s. High Renaissance: XV century – quatrocento – “four hundredths”, 1400s. Late Renaissance: 16th century – cinquicento – “five hundredths”, 1500s.

Slide 4

The Renaissance is a set of philosophical trends that revolutionized the value system, the assessment of all things and attitudes towards them. ANTHROPOCENTRISM, which considers man the center and meaning of the universe, becomes the main cultural paradigm.

Characteristic features: individualism and subjectivism became the foundations of the Renaissance culture; humanism as a new worldview, ethics, social ideal and scientific method; anti-church and anti-scholastic orientation, secularization of public life; life-affirming character and optimism; history is losing its sacred meaning and becomes a practical matter real people; revival of ancient cultural heritage; creation of a new pantheistic picture of the world; Titanism creates not only great heroes, but also anti-heroes.

Slide 5

The main directions of Renaissance philosophy:

humanistic; neoplatonic; natural philosophy; reformation; political; socialist-utopian.

Slide 6

Humanism (from the Latin humanitas - humanity) is understood as the upbringing and education of a person, contributing to his elevation. The main role was given to a complex of disciplines, consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and ethics.

The founder of humanism is considered to be Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) “On the ignorance of one’s own and many others”, “Book of Songs”, “On Contempt for the World”; rejects scholastic scholarship; offers a new approach to assessing the ancient heritage: strive not only to rise to the heights ancient culture, but also to surpass it; true philosophy must become a science about man; laid the foundations for the personal identity of the Renaissance.

Slide 7

The most famous philosophers are humanists

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) “The Divine Comedy”, “New Life”; Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) “Speech on the Dignity of Man”; Lorenzo Valla (1507-1557) “On pleasure as a true good”; Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) “Praise of Folly”; Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) "Experiments".

Slide 8

Main features of natural philosophy:

justification of the materialistic view of the world; the desire to separate philosophy from theology; formation of a scientific worldview; putting forward a new picture of the world; the assertion that the world is knowable; important acquires practical science, which is an attempt to change the world.

Slide 9

Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, winner of the Nobel Prize in literature in his work “History Western philosophy"did the difference between the authority of science and the authority of church dogma:

the authority of science is intellectual in nature, not governmental; no punishment falls on the heads of those who reject the authority of science; no considerations of benefit influence those who accept it; Science gains authority solely by appealing to reason; the authority of science is, as it were, woven from particles and pieces, and not a whole system - like church dogma; If church authority proclaims its judgments to be absolutely true and unchangeable forever and ever, then the judgments of science are experimental, made on the basis of a probabilistic approach and are recognized as relative.

Slide 10

Representatives of natural philosophy of the Renaissance:

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) “Book on Painting”, “On True and False Science”; Nicholas of Kuzan (1401-1464) “On learned ignorance”, “On assumptions”, etc.; Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) “On the revolution of the celestial spheres”; Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) “On nature, beginning and unity”, “On the infinity of the Universe and worlds”, etc.; Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) “The Starry Messenger”, “Dialogue on the Two Main Systems of the World”, etc.

Slide 11

Nicolaus Copernicus revolutionized natural science by developing the heliocentric system of the world

His work is Pythagorean in spirit; the sun is the center of the universe, which refuted the geocentric system of the world of Ptolemy; the earth has a double movement: daily rotation and annual circular rotation around the Sun; space is infinite and all cosmic bodies move along their own trajectory; processes in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of “sacred” meaning.

Slide 12

Giordano Bruno is an Italian philosopher and poet, materialist-pantheist. In 1592 he was arrested by the Inquisition and accused of heresy and freethinking, and on February 17, 1600 he was burned at the stake.

The Sun is the center of the Universe in relation to the Earth, but not the center of the Universe; The universe has no center and is infinite; stars are like the Sun and have their own planetary systems; all celestial bodies have the property of movement; put forward the hypothesis that we are not alone in the Universe and there may be intelligent beings; There is no God separate from the Universe; the Universe and God are one whole.

Slide 13

Galileo Galilei is one of the founders of modern experimental science. For the first time he showed how important tools are for the development of science.

introduced a method of observation, putting forward hypotheses and testing them experimentally in practice; discovered the meaning of acceleration in dynamics; established the law of falling bodies; while studying the flight of projectiles, he established the parallelogram principle; defended the heliocentric system of the world; invented a telescope and discovered a number of important phenomena: spots on the Sun, mountains on the Moon, the Milky Way consists of many individual stars, observed the phases of Venus, discovered the satellites of Jupiter.

Slide 14

The socio-political concepts of the Renaissance include the reformation, the political philosophy of N. Machiavelli, and the socialist-utopian direction.

The Reformation served as the ideological justification for the political and armed struggle for the reform of the Church and Catholicism. The political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli explored the problems of managing a real-life state, methods of influencing people, and methods of political struggle. The socialist-utopian direction focused its main attention on the development of projects for an ideal state, where social justice based on public property would triumph.

Slide 15

The founder of the Reformation was Martin Luther, who on October 31, 1517 nailed down 95 theses against indulgences

communication between God and believers must take place directly, without the participation of the Catholic Church; the church must become democratic and rituals understandable to people; demanded a reduction in the influence of the Pope on the policies of other states; the authority of state institutions and secular power must be restored; free culture and education from the dominance of Catholic dogmas; indulgences must be abolished.

Slide 16

The main ideas of the political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527):

man initially has an evil nature; the driving motives of actions are selfishness and the desire for personal gain; to curb the base nature of man, a special organization is created - the state; based on the experience of history and contemporary events, it reveals how power is gained, how it is retained and lost; the ruler must be “cunning like a fox, fierce like a lion”; in no case should the ruler encroach on the property and personal lives of people; The idea of ​​“fortuna” (fate), which favors the young and rich, also occupies a central place in his teaching; in the fight for political power, and especially for the liberation of the homeland from the encroachments of foreign rule, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.

Slide 17

The socialist-utopian direction is represented by the works of Thomas More and Tomaso Campanella:

T. More "Utopia": There is no private property; General 6-hour labor mobilization; The principle applies: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his work”; The primary unit of society is the “working family.” Men and women have equal rights;

T. Campanella “City of the Sun”: There is no private property; everyone participates in the labor process; work is combined with simultaneous training; the life of solariums is regulated to the smallest detail; children live separately from their parents and are raised in special schools; At the head of the City of the Sun is a lifelong ruler - the Metaphysician.

Slide 18

Modern times - the 17th century - became a turning point in European history. The most important factor is the development of SCIENCE.

General characteristics of the modern era: this is the century of development of experimental mathematical science; the creation of classical mechanics was completed, which was based on the results achieved by I. Newton, E. Torricelli, I. Kepler, N. Copernicus and others. Two directions took shape in philosophy - empiricism and rationalism; states are increasingly replacing the Church as the governing body that controls culture; the era of early bourgeois-democratic revolutions; philosophy stands for the practical significance of its concepts, for their life application, for a real influence on human destinies.

Slide 19

The main problems of modern philosophy:

development of a new method of cognition (F. Bacon and R. Descartes); justification of the ontological status of being (R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz); attempts to solve problems social life(T. Hobbes, J. Locke).

Slide 20

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), a member of the British Parliament, later Lord Chancellor, the founder of English materialism, proposed a method of experimental study of nature.

Main works: “New Organon”, “On the dignity and increase of sciences”, “New Atlantis”, etc. Well-known sayings: “Knowledge is power”, “nature is not a temple, but a workshop”, “we can do as much as we know”. Key ideas: give a person the means scientific discoveries and inventions to master the forces of nature; was the first to classify sciences; developed the induction method; indicated specific ways of knowledge; designated the delusions “idols” of the mind.

Slide 21

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French philosopher and mathematician, representative of classical rationalism.

Main works: “Discourses on Method”, “Reflections on First Philosophy”, “Principles of Philosophy”, “Rules for Guiding the Mind”, etc. The main philosophical credo: “I think, therefore I exist.” Justified the leading role of reason in cognition; became the author of the theory of dualism; put forward the doctrine of substance, attributes and modes; developed the deduction method and basic research techniques in scientific knowledge; proposed the doctrine of “innate ideas.”

Slide 22

Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677) is a prominent representative of rationalism.

Main works: “Theological-Political Treatise”, “ Political treatise", "Ethics". Based on the theory of substance, Descartes developed his own system of a single substance; developed a doctrine of three types of knowledge; gave an explanation of the problems of determinism, the relationship between freedom and necessity, creativity as an active principle.

Slide 23

Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) – German mathematician, lawyer, predecessor of German classical philosophy.

Leibniz's doctrine of monads: The whole world consists of a huge number of substances that have a single nature; fundamentally one should distinguish between the intelligible world (the world of truly existing) and the phenomenal world (sensibly perceived physical world); the world is based on indivisible primary elements - monads (from the Greek “one”) - “spiritual atoms”; they are all united by the principle of pre-established harmony; the monad has four qualities: aspiration, attraction, perception, representation; monads are closed and independent of each other; There are four classes of monads: “bare monads”, “animal monads”, “human monads”, “God”.

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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - English philosopher and political thinker.

Main works: “About the Citizen”, “Leviathan”, “About the Body”, “About Man”. continued philosophical traditions F. Bacon; was a convinced materialist; cognition occurs thanks to sensory perception; signals from the surrounding world are original signs; classified the signals; considered the most important problem to be issues of society and the state; was the first to put forward the idea that the emergence of the state was based on a social contract;

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John Locke (1632-1704) formulated the foundations of empiricism in sensualist theory and became one of the founders of the doctrine of liberalism.

Main works: “An Essay on Human Understanding”, “Two Treatises on Government”, etc. Knowledge can only be based on experience: “there is nothing in the mind that is not in the feelings.” Consciousness is an empty room, a tabula rasa, which is filled with experience throughout life; identifies two main sources of ideas: sensations and reflection; as well as three types of knowledge: intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; in socio-political doctrine comes from natural state society; highlighted the main inalienable natural rights human: life, freedom, property; to substantiate his assertion that the power of the ruler cannot be absolute, he first put forward the idea of ​​separation of powers: legislative, executive and federal.

The main features of the philosophy of the Renaissance Anthropocentrism - man is at the center of the worldview Humanism - justification for the intrinsic value of man, his rights and freedoms Aestheticism - the leading role of art Freethinking - liberation from dogmatic medieval thinking

Anthropocentrism Renaissance anthropocentrism means that man takes the place of God at the center of the universe. He becomes an independent creative principle, almost equal to God. Michelangelo David, Height – 5.17 m Accademia, Florence

Aestheticism Aestheticism denotes the high role of creativity in the Renaissance. The sonnets of F. Petrarch, the short stories of G. Boccaccio, the dramaturgy of W. Shakespeare, the novels of M. Cervantes, the sculptures of Michelangelo, the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci - all these are classic examples of an unprecedented rise in art.

Francesco Petrarca Italian poet, creator of sonnets dedicated to his beloved Laura

Giovanni Boccaccio Italian writer and poet. The main work is “The Decameron” - a book of short stories imbued with humanistic ideas, the spirit of freethinking, rejection of ascetic morality, and cheerful humor.

William Shakespeare Great English playwright and poet.

Miguel de Cervantes World-famous Spanish writer, author of one of the greatest works of world literature - the novel “The Cunning Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha”

Michelangelo Buonarotti Great Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker Lamentation of Christ

Leonardo da Vinci Italian artist, sculptor, architect, scientist, writer, inventor, one of the largest representatives of Renaissance art, a shining example of a “universal man.”

Natural philosophy of the Renaissance Based on the largest discoveries and technical progress During the Renaissance, a unique natural philosophy (philosophy of nature) developed. Natural philosophy was often pantheistic in nature, i.e. Without directly denying the existence of God, she identified him with nature. A similar natural philosophy was developed by the closest adviser to Pope Pius II, cardinal, scientist, philosopher Nicholas of Cusa and one of the greatest geniuses of the Renaissance, Giordano Bruno.

Nicholas of Cusa () An outstanding figure of the Catholic Church, cardinal and legate of Germany. Main works: “Knowing Ignorance”, “On Learned Ignorance”.

Mystical pantheism of N. Kuzansky The world was created by God, but it is infinite, material and moves through opposites. N. Kuzansky rates the person very highly. God seems to be present in man. At the same time, God is present in everything, primarily in nature. God is the center of the Universe and its limit. He is the whole, and the Universe is a part. The world, as it were, “collapses” in God, and God still “unfolds” it as he incarnates himself into the world.

Giordano Bruno () One of the greatest geniuses of the Renaissance. He rejected all church dogmas about the creation of the world, about the supposed beginning of the world and its coming end; developed the heliocentric ideas of Copernicus, arguing that there are an infinite number of worlds in the Universe. And each world has its own center - the Sun.

Pantheism by J. Bruno J. Bruno wrote a lot about God. He recognized the universal animation of matter. But his God is the Universe, which is both creator and created, cause and effect. Pantheism is that there is no God standing above the world and dictating his laws to it; nature and God coincide, God is dissolved in Nature.

Reformation Starting from the end of the 15th century, a serious crisis grew Roman Catholic church, which found expression in the Reformation movement, which captured almost all European countries. The Reformation (from the Latin reformatio - transformation) is understood as a religious social movement XVI century in Europe, aimed at radically changing traditional forms religious life in the Roman Catholic Church.

Reformation in Europe The subject of particular indignation among believers is the sale of indulgences, letters testifying to the remission of sins. Having money, one could buy absolution even for a future offense. Martin Luther () - one of the main ideologists of the Reformation, a German theologian who in 1517 posted “95 theses against indulgences” right on the door of the church in Wittenberg

The main theses of the Reformation The ideologists of the Reformation put forward new concept a church that eliminated the opposition between clergy and laity. In fact, the necessity of the Catholic Church was denied. The only source of religious truth was proclaimed Scripture, whereas catholic church considered the indisputable authority of the decrees of the Ecumenical Councils and the judgments of the popes. Criticism of papal power: the head of true Christians is not the Pope, but Jesus Christ

Result of the Reformation Movement The main messages of the Reformation were accepted throughout Europe. In Europe, a real war broke out between supporters of Catholicism and its critics. The result of the Reformation movement was the split of the Roman Church in the 16th century. and the creation of a new variety of Christianity - Protestantism.

Secularization The most important condition for the flourishing of culture during the Renaissance was liberation from the domination of religion and church ideology. This process is called secularization. In philosophy, anti-church (anti-scholastic) and anti-feudal sentiments are intensifying. The form of manifestation of creative free-thinking was the skepticism of the Dutch philosopher E. Rotterdam, the humanism of the French thinker M. Montaigne.

Erasmus of Rotterdam () Erasmus of Rotterdam is a major scientist who is called a Christian humanist. He tried to bring together the cultural traditions of antiquity and ideals early Christianity. He called a person to a way of spiritual life that would combine freedom, clarity, peacefulness, the ability not to go to extremes, education and simplicity. The philosopher called for a return to the origins of Christianity and the revival of early Christian ideals. Its main idea is that all phenomena of social life, all things are characterized by duality, the presence of opposing properties.

The concept of humanistic individualism of M. Montaigne Michel de Montaigne The French philosopher and writer, author of the book “Essays” M. Montaigne is called “the last humanist.” He proposes to consider a person “taken by himself, without any outside help, armed only with his human means and deprived of divine grace and knowledge, which in fact constitute all his glory, his strength, the basis of his being ... "

Skepticism of M. Montaigne The monument to M. Montaigne in Paris M. Montaigne focuses on skepticism in the search for truth, in answering questions that arise. But he is concerned not just with the search for truth, but also with the methods and paths leading to it and thereby helping to answer the question: “How can a person live his life?” But Montaigne does not abandon the truth; he explores various points of view. But the truth for him is one, united and indivisible: you can either own it completely or not own it at all. Montaigne's doubt is aimed at activating the mind.

Social concepts of the Renaissance In the philosophy of the Renaissance, theoretical models ideal state. One of them belongs to the English thinker and politician Thomas More, the founder of utopian communism. Thomas More

Utopia by Thomas More Thomas More is the author of the book “Utopia” (the word “utopia” means “non-existent place”). In the book, he describes a non-existent state where everything is based on the principles of equality and justice - property is common, everyone works the same and everyone owns an equal amount of goods. One of the first editions of T. More’s book “Utopia”

Niccolo Machiavelli () The Italian philosopher N. Machiavelli was one of the first social philosophers of the Renaissance who rejected the theocratic concept of the state, according to which the state depends on the church as the highest authority on Earth. He owns the rationale for the need secular state: he argued that the motivating motives for people’s activities are selfishness and material interest. It is precisely because of the original evil human nature, the desire to get rich by any means, there is a need to curb these human instincts with the help of a special force, which is the state.

Treatise by N. Machiavelli “The Prince” In the treatise “The Prince” Machiavelli considers ways to create a strong state in conditions where the people do not have developed civic virtues. To these he includes the behavior of the sovereign in relation to his subjects and allies, meaning that a person cannot have only virtues or follow them unswervingly. Therefore, a prudent sovereign should avoid those vices that could deprive him of his state, and abstain from the rest to the best of his ability. Thus, it is good to have the reputation of a generous sovereign, but whoever shows generosity harms himself.

N. Machiavelli's conclusions about the state All means are permitted to achieve political goals. Although the sovereign must be guided by generally accepted norms of morality in behavior, he may not take them into account in politics if this will help strengthen state power. A prince who has embarked on the path of creating a strong state must be guided by the “carrot and stick” policy, combining the qualities of a lion and a fox. Bribery, murder, poisoning, treachery - all this is permitted in a policy aimed at strengthening state power.

The historical significance of Renaissance philosophy The Renaissance became a preparation for the New Age Skepticism made it possible to move from medieval dogma to free creativity Natural philosophy became the basis for scientific revolution XVII century Political philosophy raised the question of the limits of power and social justice