Property belongs to things of material and spiritual values. Formulate the main differences between spiritual values ​​and material ones

The inviolability of the hierarchical structure of society does not mean the absence of any movement within it. At various stages, a sharp increase in one and a decrease in another layer is possible, which cannot be explained by natural population growth - vertical migration of individuals occurs. We will consider these vertical movements, while maintaining the statistic structure itself, as social mobility (let us make a reservation that the very concept of “social mobility” is much broader and also includes horizontal movement of individuals and groups).

Social mobility– a set of social movements of people, i.e. changing one's social status while maintaining the stratification structure of society.

For the first time general principles social mobility were formulated by P. Sorokin, who believed that there is hardly a society whose strata would be absolutely esoteric, i.e. preventing any traffic from crossing its borders. However, history has not known a single country in which vertical mobility was absolutely free, and the transition from one layer to another was carried out without any resistance: “If mobility were absolutely free, then in the society that would result, there would be no there would be social strata. It would resemble a building in which there would be no ceiling - a floor separating one floor from another. But all societies are stratified. This means that a kind of “sieve” functions inside them, sifting individuals, allowing some to rise to the top, leaving others in the lower layers, vice versa.”

The movement of people in the hierarchy of society is carried out through different channels. The most important of them are the following social institutions: the army, the church, education, political, economic and professional organizations. Each of them had different meaning in different societies and different periods history. For example, in Ancient Rome The army provided great opportunities to achieve a high social position. Of the 92 Roman emperors, 36 reached social heights (starting from the lower strata) through military service; of the 65 Byzantine emperors, 12. The church also moved large number ordinary people to the top of the social ladder. Of the 144 popes, 28 were of low origin, 27 were from the middle classes (not to mention cardinals, bishops, and abbots). At the same time, the church overthrew a large number of kings, dukes, and princes.

The role of a “sieve” is performed not only social institutions, regulating vertical movements, as well as the subculture, the way of life of each layer, allowing each candidate to be tested “for strength”, compliance with the norms and principles of the stratum to which he moves. P. Sorokin points out that the education system provides not only the socialization of the individual, his training, but also acts as a kind of social elevator, which allows the most capable and gifted to rise to the highest “floors” of the social hierarchy. Political parties and organizations form the political elite, the institution of property and inheritance strengthens the owner class, the institution of marriage allows for movement even in the absence of outstanding intellectual abilities.

However, the use driving force any social institution for rising to the top is not always sufficient. In order to gain a foothold in a new stratum, it is necessary to accept its way of life, organically fit into its sociocultural environment, and shape one’s behavior in accordance with accepted norms and rules - this process is quite painful, since a person is often forced to abandon old habits and reconsider his value system. Adaptation to a new sociocultural environment requires high psychological stress, which is fraught with nervous breakdowns, the development of an inferiority complex, etc. A person may find himself an outcast in the social stratum to which he aspired or in which he found himself by the will of fate, if we're talking about about downward movement.

If social institutions, in the figurative expression of P. Sorokin, can be considered as “social elevators,” then the sociocultural shell that envelops each stratum plays the role of a filter that exercises a kind of selective control. The filter may not let through an individual striving to the top, and then, having escaped from the bottom, he will be doomed to be a stranger in the stratum. Having risen to a higher level, he remains, as it were, behind the door leading to the stratum itself.

A similar picture can emerge when moving down. Having lost the right, secured, for example, by capital, to be in the upper strata, the individual descends to a lower level, but finds himself unable to “open the door” to a new sociocultural world. Being unable to adapt to a subculture that is alien to him, he becomes a marginal person, experiencing serious psychological stress.

In society, there is a constant movement of individuals and social groups. During the period of qualitative renewal of society, radical changes in socio-economic and political relations, social movements are especially intense. Wars, revolutions, and global reforms reshaped the social structure of society: the ruling social strata are being replaced, new social groups appear that differ from others in their place in the system of socio-economic relations: entrepreneurs, bankers, tenants, farmers.

From the above, we can distinguish the following types of mobility:

Vertical mobility implies movement from one stratum (estate, class, caste) to another. Depending on the direction, vertical mobility can be upward or downward.

Horizontal mobility – movement within the same social level. For example: moving from Catholic to Orthodox religious group, changing one citizenship to another, moving from one family (parental) to another (one’s own, or creating a new family as a result of divorce). Such movements occur without significant changes in social status. But there may be exceptions.

Geographic mobility a type of horizontal mobility. It involves moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status. For example, international tourism. If social status changes when changing place of residence, then mobility turns into migration. Example: if a villager came to the city to visit relatives, then this is geographic mobility. If you came to the city for permanent residence, found a job, changed your profession, then this is migration.

Individual mobility. In a steadily developing society, vertical movements are not of a group nature, but of an individual nature, i.e. It is not economic, political and professional groups that rise and fall through the steps of the social hierarchy, but their individual representatives. This does not mean that these movements cannot be massive - on the contrary, in modern society the divide between strata is overcome by many relatively easily. The fact is that, if successful, an individual will, as a rule, change not only his position in the vertical hierarchy, but also his social and professional group.

Group mobility .Displacement occurs collectively. Group mobility contributes to the stratification structure big changes, often affects the relationship between the main social layers and, as a rule, is associated with the emergence of new groups whose status no longer corresponds to the existing hierarchy system. By the middle of the twentieth century. This group, for example, included managers of large enterprises.

Group vertical movements are especially intense during times of economic restructuring. The emergence of new prestigious, highly paid professional groups contributes to mass movement up the hierarchical ladder. The decline in the social status of a profession and the disappearance of some professions provoke not only a downward movement, but also the emergence of marginal strata, uniting individuals who are losing their usual position in society and losing the achieved level of consumption. There is an erosion of sociocultural values ​​and norms that previously united people and predetermined their stable place in the social hierarchy.

Sorokin identified several main reasons for group mobility: social revolutions, civil wars, changes in political regimes as a result of revolutions, military coups, reforms, replacement of the old constitution with a new one, peasant uprisings, interstate wars, internecine struggles of aristocratic families.

Economic crises accompanied by a drop in the level of material well-being broad masses, rising unemployment, a sharp increase in the income gap, become the root cause of the numerical growth of the most disadvantaged part of the population, which always forms the base of the pyramid of the social hierarchy. Under such conditions, downward movement covers not only individuals, but entire groups, and can be temporary or become sustainable. In the first case, the social group returns to its usual place as it overcomes economic difficulties; in the second case, the group changes its social status and enters into difficult period adaptation to a new place in the hierarchical pyramid.

So, vertical group movements are associated, firstly, with profound, serious changes in the socio-economic structure of society, causing the emergence of new classes and social groups; secondly, with a change in ideological guidelines, value systems, political priorities - in this case, there is an upward movement of those political forces that were able to perceive changes in the mentality, orientations and ideals of the population, a painful but inevitable change in the political elite occurs; thirdly, with the imbalance of mechanisms ensuring the reproduction of the stratification structure of society. The mechanisms of institutionalization and legitimation cease to function fully due to the radical changes taking place in society, the growth of conflict and social uncertainty.

Social mobility processes are important indicators effectiveness of different types of social devices. Societies in which there are conditions for vertical mobility (transition from lower to higher strata, groups, classes), where there are ample opportunities for territorial mobility, including across country borders, are called open. Types of societies in which such movements are complicated or practically impossible are called closed. They are characterized by caste, clanism, and hyperpoliticism. Open paths for vertical mobility are an important condition for development modern society. Otherwise, preconditions for social tension and conflicts arise.

Intergenerational mobility . Assumes that children achieve a higher social position or fall to a lower level than their parents. For example, the son of a worker becomes an engineer.

Intragenerational mobility . It assumes that the same individual changes social positions several times throughout his life. This is called a social career. For example, a turner becomes an engineer, then a workshop manager, a plant director, and a minister of the engineering industry. Moving from the sphere of physical labor to the sphere of mental labor.

On other bases, mobility may be classified into spontaneous or organized.

Examples of spontaneous mobility include movements of residents of neighboring countries to large cities of neighboring countries for the purpose of earning money.

Organized mobility - the movement of an individual or group vertically or horizontally is controlled by the state.

Organized mobility can be carried out: a) with the consent of the people themselves; b) without consent (involuntary) mobility. For example, deportation, repatriation, dispossession, repression, etc.

It is necessary to distinguish from organized mobility structural mobility. It is caused by changes in the structure of the national economy and occurs beyond the will and consciousness of individuals. The disappearance or reduction of industries or professions leads to the displacement of large numbers of people.

The degree of mobility in a society is determined by two factors: the range of mobility in a society and the conditions that allow people to move.

The range of mobility depends on how many different statuses exist within it. The more statuses, the more opportunities a person has to move from one status to another.

Industrial society has expanded the range of mobility and is characterized by a much larger number of different statuses. The first decisive factor in social mobility is the level of economic development. During periods of economic depression, the number of high-status positions decreases and low-status positions expand, so downward mobility dominates. It intensifies during periods when people lose their jobs and at the same time new layers enter the labor market. On the contrary, during periods of active economic development many new high-status positions appear. Increased demand for workers to keep them busy is the main reason for upward mobility.

Thus, social mobility determines the dynamics of development social structure society, contributes to the creation of a balanced hierarchical pyramid.

Literature

1. Wojciech Zaborowski Evolution of social structure: a generational perspective // ​​Sociology: theory, methods, marketing. – 2005. - No. 1. – P.8-35.

2. Volkov Yu.G. Sociology. / Under the general editorship. V.I. Dobrenkova. R-n-D: “Phoenix”, 2005.

3. Giddens E. Social stratification// Socis. – 1992. - No. 9. – pp. 117 – 127.

4. Gidens E. Sociology. / Per. from English V. Shovkun, A. Oliynik. Kiev: Osnovi, 1999.

5. Dobrenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I. Sociology: Textbook. – M.: INFRA – M, 2005.

6. Kravchenko A.I. General sociology. – M., 2001.

7. Lukashevich M.P., Tulenkov M.V. Sociology. Kiik: “Karavela”, 2005.

8. General sociology: Tutorial/ Under the general editorship. A.G. Efendieva. – M., 2002. – 654 p.

9. Pavlichenko P.P., Litvinenko D.A. Sociology. Kiev: Libra, 2002.

10. Radugin A.A. Radugin K.A. Sociology. Course of lectures. – M., 2001.

11. Sorokin.P. Human. Civilization. Society. – M., 1992.

12. Sociology: A handbook for students of advanced knowledge / Edited by V.G. Gorodianenko - K., 2002. - 560 p.

13. Yakuba E.A. Sociology. Educational A manual for students, Kharkov, 1996. – 192 pages.

14. Kharcheva V. Fundamentals of Sociology. – M: Logos, 2001. – 302 pages

15. See Questions of Philosophy. – 2005. - No. 5

Belonging of material and spiritual values ​​to certain persons

Answer to the test
1; 2
2; 4
3; 1
4; 3
5; 1
6; 2
7; 4
8; 2
9; 2
10; 3
11; 3
12; 4
13; 2
14; 2
15; 4
16; 1
17; 3
18; 1
19; 2
20; 4
21; 1
22; 4
23; 1
24; 3
25; 2

1. Society in in a broad sense the words are called
1) the whole world around
2) a set of forms of association of people
3) groups in which communication takes place
4) interaction between people everyday life
2. Which pair of words is missing in the following phrase?
“Human drainage of wetlands is an example of interaction……….”
1) civilization and culture
2) citizen and state
3) production and consumption
4) society and nature
3. Connection between all spheres of society
1) follows from the integrity of society as a system
2) achieved through political struggle
3) provided by ideological work
4) established by law
4. Diversity of political systems in countries modern world manifests itself in particular in
1) different ratios of forms of ownership
2) social stratification of society
3) various forms of government
4) wealth inequality of people
5. Are they true? the following judgments about society and culture?
A. The material conditions of society influence the norms of human behavior.
B. The culture of a society does not depend on the socio-economic conditions of its life.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
6. A person is distinguished from an animal, in particular, by the presence
1) blood circulation
2) speeches
3) vision
4) hearing
7. Social needs include human needs for
1) rest
2) food
3) water
4) communication
8. Are the following judgments about a person’s abilities true?
A. This man has absolutely no ability.
B. This person was unable to develop his abilities.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
9. Cognitive activity as opposed to labor activity.
1) assumes the presence of a goal
2) aimed at comprehending the truth
3) requires special training
4) is useful
10. Activities that result in the creation of new material and spiritual values ​​are
1) communication
2) understanding
3) creativity
4) cognition
11. Self-knowledge is aimed at
1) knowledge of social norms and values
2) reflection of objective reality
3) awareness of your capabilities
4) knowledge of the laws of beauty
12. Are the following judgments about the source of objective knowledge correct?
A. The source of objective knowledge is only the mind.
B. The source of objective knowledge is only feelings.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
13. Which of the following sciences provides the most general knowledge about society and man?
1) ecology
2) philosophy
3) jurisprudence
4) political science
14. Are the following judgments about true knowledge?
A. Any knowledge shared by the majority of people is true.
B. Any knowledge confirmed by practice is true.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
15. Forming each person’s ability to be creative, his sensitivity to the best works of art is one of the tasks
1) elite culture
2) pop culture
3) popular culture
4) spiritual culture
16. Reflection and transformation of reality in artistic images is the basis
1) art
2) science
3) production
4) education
17. Are the following judgments about the purpose of science true?
A. The purpose of science is to describe, explain and predict processes and phenomena.
B. The goal of science is to reflect reality in the form of theoretical knowledge.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
18. Which pair of words is missing in the following phrase?
Morality is the idea of ​​what is in the actions of people and human society.
1) good and evil
2) strength and intelligence
3) law and order
4) struggle and concessions
19. Economics is the science that studies
1) motives of human behavior
2) methods of rational management
3) ways to introduce achievements of science and technology
4) forms of advanced training for employees
20. Ownership of material and spiritual values ​​to certain persons is
1) bond
2) privatization check
3) promotion
4) property
21. The main feature of a command economy is
1) production of goods in accordance with the state plan
2) managing the economy using market methods.
3) the presence of economic independence of commodity producers
4) variety of forms of ownership of the means of production
22. Supply and demand for household appliances are formed on the market
1) labor
2) capital
3) real estate
4) goods and services
23. The price of a product will increase if demand
1) will remain unchanged, but supply will decrease
2) will decrease, but supply will remain unchanged
3) will remain unchanged and the offer will remain unchanged
4) will decrease and supply will increase
24. Demand reflects
1) the buyer’s need for the product
2) the quantity of goods that can satisfy the desires of buyers
3) the need for a product and the ability to purchase it
4) the amount of money available to the buyer to purchase the goods
25. Which of the following factors will contribute to increased production?
1) increase in taxation
2) introduction of new technology
3) reduction of requirements for the qualifications of workers
4) increase in social benefits

He is considered one of the founders of Muslim political, legal and economic thought. His numerous works (“Civil Politics”, “Aphorisms of a Statesman”, “On the Classification of Sciences”, etc.) have had an impact great influence on the development of Eastern thought, including the worldview of Ibn Sina, Nizami, Ibn Khaldun.

The essence of Al-Farabi's ideal state lies in the freedom and equality of all its inhabitants. According to Al-Farabi, property is one of the benefits that constitute freedom. But the thinker draws a line between property as a means of achieving more high values and property as the end in itself of life. The latter is vicious, which is why Al-Farabi calls the city, opposed to the virtuous one, ignorant, lost, and also “a city of exchange.”

Al-Farabi notes that every resident should have own house and the ability to satisfy your needs. Unlike Muslim philosophers, Al-Farabi believed that in ideal state a foreigner is not distinguished from the local population and has the right to acquire property.

The main work of Ibn Khaldun, which made him famous, is “ Big story“, or “The Book of Instructive Examples and Diwan of Messages about the Days of the Arabs, Persians and Berbers and their Contemporaries, Who Possessed Power of Great Dimensions” (another translation of the title is “The Book of Edifications”). Fifth section " Big stories"Ibn Khaldun is dedicated to issues of property.

In his opinion, the basis for acquiring the right to any property is labor. Labor in the direct production of products and fruits entails the conversion of a thing into the property of the one who created it - this is a direct result of labor. When the right of ownership arises from a transaction, its background is also labor, since “without it, accumulated property does not arise and it will not be possible to use it.”

Ibn Khaldun warned that with the further “development of the world,” the state’s demands increase, and then the shares of taxes on the property of subjects multiply. He considered it fair to establish zakat - a voluntary donation of property - and kharaj - a tax on privately owned lands, if it is collected in a reasonable amount, the border of which cannot be crossed

Unlike most Muslim thinkers, Ibn Khaldun assigned property a key place in social relations; It is the development of property, in his opinion, that pushes civilization forward and causes the emergence of qualitatively new forms of human society.

1. Culture is a concept adopted to designate a specifically human way of life
2. Culture is the stage of development and improvement of man himself
3. Culture is a set of material and spiritual values ​​created by man
4. Culture is the process of organizing and preserving past experiences

Society, 8th grade

material and spiritual values, all the treasures of culture - libraries, books, museums, etc. the human race would not stop, but the history of mankind would be interrupted. Machines would be inactive. Books would remain unread. Artistic works- unnecessary. The cultural history of mankind should begin from the beginning.
What conclusion do you think can be drawn from this reasoning?

children. All material and spiritual values, all cultural treasures - libraries and books, museums and paintings, scientific works and technology, all the most advanced machines. The human race would not end, but human history would be interrupted. The machines would be idle. The books remained unread. Works of art are unnecessary: ​​their meaning and aesthetic essence would not be open. The cultural history of mankind would have to begin all over again.
What conclusion do you think can be drawn from this reasoning?

1. Humanism is:

A) integrity of thought and fearlessness in the face of inhumanity;

B) love of humanity, respect for a person’s personal dignity, faith in his future;

B) sentimentality;

G) special kind activities.

2. Worldview ideals, universal moral norms, reflecting spiritual experience of all humanity, taking shape in the process of spiritual and practical activities people are:

A) morality;

B) culture;

C) universal human values;

D) social consciousness.

3. The system of generalized views on the surrounding reality is:

A) philosophy;

B) worldview;

B) science;

D) sociology.

4. In its most complete form, morality is:

A) conclusions that a person makes based on an analysis of his behavior;

B) the science of good manners;

C) a set of principles and norms of behavior of people in society;

D) formulated and legally enshrined norms of behavior of citizens.

5. The rules “Don’t do to others what you don’t wish for yourself,” “Don’t steal,” “Don’t lie,” “Honor your elders” are norms:

A) art;

B) science;

B) morality;

D) rights.

6. Morality, as opposed to law, includes:

A) any law;

B) Constitution of the state;

C) the charter of a public organization;

D) certain principles, norms of behavior.

7. Morality as opposed to law:

A) relies solely on public support;

B) contains norms of human behavior;

C) arises on the basis of the historical experience of people;

D) is in development.

8. You witnessed how one person unfairly offended another. Which behavior does not correspond to the moral choice of a humane person?

A) demand an apology from the offender to the victim;

B) pretend that this does not concern you;

C) express condolences to those who were offended;

D) understand the causes of the conflict and achieve its elimination.

9. You accidentally, without meaning to, caused damage or harm to another person. Which choice is consistent with the moral position of a humane person?

A) do everything possible to eliminate evil and damage;

B) pretend that nothing happened;

C) try to ensure that no one notices the damage you have caused;

D) blame it on the one who suffered (let him not interfere, he is to blame).

10. Criteria for human spirituality:

A) active life position;

B) possession of higher education;

C) commitment in thoughts and actions to universal human values.

11. Worldview in a person’s life is:

A) a guideline for its activities;

B) strengthening his life experience;

C) connection with religion and science.

12. The level of development of spiritual culture is measured:

A) the volume of spiritual values ​​created in society;

B) the quality of spiritual products;

C) how people use the achievements of spiritual culture;

D) the degree of achievement of social equality of people in introducing them to the values ​​of culture.

13. A person’s worldview depends on:

A) historical conditions;

B) life experience;

B) on the level of education;

D) internal culture.

14. Moral qualities of a person:

A) laid down from birth;

B) are developed by self-education, self-improvement;

C) are formed by society purposefully.

15. Culture in a broad sense is:

A) all types of transformative activities;

B) everything related to art;

C) production of spiritual values;

D) human education.

16. Products of material culture do not include:

A) skyscraper;

B) music;

B) car;

D) TV.

17. Spiritual values ​​include:

A) microscope;

B) computer;

B) scientific discovery;

D) videotapes.

18. Is the judgment correct?

A. Spiritual and material culture exist independently of each other.

B. Elements of spiritual and material culture are inextricably linked.

A) only A is true;

B) only B is true;

C) A and B are correct;

D) both are incorrect.

19. The vertical accumulation of cultural values ​​is associated with:

A) with the appearance of new works of art;

B) deepening knowledge about culture;

C) transfer of cultural values ​​from generation to generation;

D) restoration of cultural monuments.

may disappear after a few generations. The so-called “civilization”, material and spiritual benefits, knowledge, values, in short, what we count on and what constitutes a system of “reliable” means created by man as a kind of raft for salvation in life’s shipwreck, - all this is absolutely problematic and disappears in the blink of an eye with the slightest carelessness. The so-called “unconditional achievements” slip out of our hands, turning into disembodied, flying ghosts. The history of mankind is a series of crises, retreats, declines. Worse still: the danger of a regression much more radical than those known so far exists to this day.... questions for the document: 1. How do you understand the main idea of ​​the given fragment? 2. Do you share the point of view of the author of the passage that “there are no absolutely reliable human achievements and never have been”? 3. Do you think moral and religious values, universal human moral standards to prevent “the total degeneration of humanity as such, a return to the animal state, to final and complete alienation”?? 4. what can you say about the values ​​of Faith, Hope and Love?? Can they be considered as a reliable “raft of salvation?”

Page 18 of 36

Economic and legal content of property.

In addition to the triune question “What - how - for whom to produce?” there is another important one economic issue: “Who has economic power?” In other words, on whose means of production will production be carried out, who will own the goods?

The problem of property is one of the most debated in economic theory and socially acute in the life of society. Property -economic connections between people, and jurisprudence - legal relations. As a result, one word “property” denotes, although close, but not identical concepts. This is the ownership of material, spiritual values, and funds to certain individual owners. In the literature one can find a wide variety of interpretations of property. This concept has been studied from different angles by several social sciences. Thus, economics reveals in the appropriation of useful goods

A comprehensive study of property allows us to clarify three main socio-economic issues:

1. Who(which economic entities) have economic power, appropriate factors and results of production?

2. What economic ties contribute to better use of resources?

3. To whom receives income from economic activity?

In accordance with this, a unified system of economic property relations can be represented in the form of a diagram that includes three elements (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10.Structure of the system of property relations

For an economist, property is not a thing, not a person’s relationship to a thing, but relationship between people regarding the appropriation of goods(material and intangible). Thus, the starting point for the study economic content of property is the definition of the concept of “appropriation”.

Under assignment refers to the possibility of using a certain good in production and consumption exclusively by a given subject of economic relations. The Austrian economist Carl Menger (1840?1921) came to the conclusion that property has as its initial premise the existence rare goods, i.e. those goods, the quantity of which is less compared to the need for them. Therefore, the institution of property is the only possible tool for solving the problem of “the disproportion between the need and the amount of goods available for disposal”1.

Property relations allow for the possibility of transfer of an object (means) of labor into the ownership of one person (appropriation) and its alienation from another. Alienation? depriving a subject of the opportunity to use a given benefit in production and consumption. In meaning, it is directly opposite to the concept of “appropriation”.

The central point of property relations is their exclusionary character . Property relations are a system of exclusions from access to material and intangible resources for everyone except the owner himself. The absence of exceptions, i.e. free access to them, means that they belong to no one, that they belong to no one or, in other words, belong to everyone. Such resources and benefits cannot constitute an object of property. Consequently, regarding their use, people do not enter into economic relations of market exchange.

Consequently, property relations are, first of all, relations of appropriation and alienation. Between them there is a hidden system of relations of use and disposal. The relationship of use allows the use of means or objects of labor with a certain benefit. Disposition relations make it possible to manage the process of using property. Employee during production uses equipment owned by another person. Manager of a large company disposes, manages property without being its owner. The owner of the factors of production does not always act as a direct economic entity, an entrepreneur.

In the process of economic activity, property is economically being implemented, i.e. brings income . The owner of a piece of land can work on this land himself and receive income, or he can rent it out or mortgage it to a mortgage bank, but in any case he will receive the corresponding income. Thus, the economic realization of property is carried out through certain types economic activity.

Property in the economic sense – these are relationships between people regarding ownership, division and redistribution of property.

Property is a product historical development society and, first of all, economic life people. Property characterizes an individual’s attitude to the world of things around him as “to his own” or as “to others.” Such an attitude can be formed on the basis of established morality, traditions, norms, rules, laws adopted in a given society. Therefore, property is considered, first of all, as a legal category, and therefore lawyers quite rightly speak not about property in general, but about property rights (private, state, etc.). "There is property right, that is, a specially established method of recognition for certain persons possibilities disposition, dominion over things and protection of this possibility from encroachment by third parties.”1

Property in legal terms – the legal right to the ownership of material and spiritual values, funds to their owners, the right to own, use and dispose of the property. These rights are enshrined in legal norms.

Thus, when talking about property, it is important to distinguish right With property And property relations .

Property rights are the right to control the use of certain resources and to distribute the resulting costs and benefits. Property rights form the “lion’s share” of the rules that regulate most social relations, delimit what belongs to whom, how the change of ownership will occur, and determine the degree of freedom of choice of people pursuing their interests.

The right of ownership expresses the attitude towards a thing “as one’s own” or “as someone else’s”, i.e. is built according to the formula:

However, this interpretation does not answer the question: “Where does property rights come from and how is it implemented?” The answer lies in considering property as an economic relationship between people regarding things, which can be expressed by the formula:

If we try to dismember the economic relations of property, we will immediately discover two sides: the subject (owner) and the object (property).

Object property may be: real estate (apartment, house, plot of land, etc.); movable property (car, yacht, equipment, furniture, etc.); as well as intellectual property (inventions, software products, manuscripts, achievements in art and other products of human intelligence).

Property subjects individuals, their associations, social groups and society as a whole can act as individuals who appropriate certain benefits.

It is quite obvious that the entire system of property relations gives rise to economic - material, property - interests in people. The main one, probably, is to multiply in every possible way the goods owned in order to better satisfy needs. Thus, through interests, property determines the direction and nature of people’s economic behavior.

However, a person driven by proprietary interests can come into conflict with the interests of the entire society. In this case, only the state and law can regulate the behavior of economic entities and prevent contradictions.