What is the spiritual life of a person. Plan for learning new material

Culture is a very complex phenomenon, which is reflected in the hundreds of its definitions and interpretations that exist today. The most common are the following approaches to understanding culture as a phenomenon of public life:

- Technological approach: culture is the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of society.

- Activity approach: culture - creative activity carried out in the spheres of material and spiritual life of society.

- Value-based approach: culture - the practical implementation of universal human values ​​in the affairs and relationships of people.

Since the 1st century. BC NS. the word “culture” (from the Latin cultura - care, cultivation, cultivation of the land) meant the upbringing of a person, the development of his soul and education. It finally came into use as a philosophical concept in the 18th - early 19th centuries. and denoted the evolution of mankind, the gradual improvement of language, customs, government, scientific knowledge, art, religion. At this time, it was close in meaning to the concept of "civilization". The concept of "culture" was contrasted with the concept of "nature", that is, culture is what man created, and nature is what exists independently of him.

Based on the numerous works of various scientists, the concept " the culture "In the broad sense of the word can be defined as a historically conditioned dynamic complex of forms, principles, methods and results of active creative activity of people constantly renewing in all spheres of social life.

Culture in the narrow sense - the process of active creative activity, during which spiritual values ​​are created, distributed and consumed.

In connection with the existence of two types of activity - material and spiritual - two main spheres of the existence and development of culture can be distinguished.

The division of culture into material and spiritual is very arbitrary, since it is sometimes very difficult to draw a line between them, because they simply do not exist in their "pure" form: spiritual culture can be embodied in material carriers (books, paintings, tools, etc.). etc.). Understanding all the relativity of the difference between material and spiritual culture, most researchers nevertheless believe that it still exists.

Under spiritual life of society usually understand that the area of ​​being, in which objective reality is given to people not in the form of opposing objective activity, but as a reality that is present in the person himself, which is an integral part of his personality.

The spiritual life of a person arises on the basis of his practical activity, is a special form of reflection of the surrounding world and a means of interaction with it.

As a rule, spiritual life includes knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations and goals of people. Taken in unity, they constitute the spiritual world of the individual.

Spiritual life is closely related to other spheres of society and represents one of its subsystems.

Elements of the spiritual sphere of social life: morality, science, art, religion, law.

The spiritual life of society covers various forms and levels of social consciousness: moral, scientific, aesthetic, religious, political, legal consciousness.

Sample assignment

A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following judgments about culture correct?

A. Culture - a set of values, the general level of intellectual, moral, aesthetic development of people.

B. Culture - a set of historically established forms of joint activities of people.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer: 1.

Topic 2. Forms and varieties of culture: folk, mass and elite; youth subculture

When it comes to cultural diversity, it is understood in different ways.

However, most often, speaking about the diversity of cultures, they mean three forms of culture: elite, popular, mass and its two varieties: subculture(from Latin sub - under) and counterculture(from Latin contra - against).

The criterion for the presence and formation of a subculture is the totality of all its parameters.

Components and signs of a subculture, knowledge (picture of the world in the narrow sense of the word); values; style and lifestyle; social institutions as a system of norms; skills, abilities, methods of implementation, methods; social roles and statuses; needs and inclinations.

Popular and elite cultures are not hostile to each other. Achievements, artistic techniques, ideas of "elite art" after a while cease to be innovative and are adopted by mass culture, raising its level. At the same time, profitable mass culture enables film companies, publishing houses, and model houses to support the “creators” of elite art.

The youth subculture is often viewed as deviant (deviating), expressing a certain degree of opposition to the dominant culture. It develops most often on the basis of peculiar styles in clothing and music and is associated with the development of a consumer society, creating more and more new markets for products aimed primarily at young people. Youth culture is a culture of conspicuous consumption. Its emergence is also associated with an increase in the role and significance of free time, leisure, around which all relationships are formed. The youth subculture also focuses more on peer group friendships rather than family. In addition, the growth of living standards allows large-scale experiments with the way of life, the search for other, different from the culture of adults, cultural foundations of their existence.

Sample assignment

B6. Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words to be inserted in place of the blanks.

“Initially, in the interaction of innovation and ____________ (1) in culture, the dominant role is played by the latter, which consolidates and retains slowly accumulating innovations. Moreover, this system in the early stages of the development of society is necessarily characterized by extreme cruelty, does not allow even a shadow of ______________ (2). The deeper into the past, the more we see a person swaddled in speech and figurative stamps and stencils, in formulas for assessments and ______________ (3), in the formulas of everyday ____________ (4), practical ____________ (5), beliefs. He is relieved of the need to think: almost just in case of life, for almost every question there is a saying, proverb, quote, verse, writing, generalized artistic _____________ (6) ".

The words in the list are given in the nominative, singular. Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

B) behavior

C) democracy

D) innovation

E) art

E) reason

G) continuity

3) tradition

I) wisdom

The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen.

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.

Answer: ZVBIEA.

What is the spiritual life of the human person? Spiritual life belongs to the category of intangible values, without which a person's life becomes empty and worthless. It is no coincidence that the highest intensity of passions - the pain of bereavement or great joy - a person experiences not with his body, but with his soul.

It is spirituality, interpreted by Wikipedia as “the totality of manifestations of the spirit,” that puts a person on the highest rung of the evolutionary pyramid, distinguishing him from the world of other living inhabitants of our planet.

However, the level of spiritual development of a person is a purely individual value. Not every person reaches its heights. A developed personality is guided by lofty thoughts and strives to achieve ideal goals, performing actions that correspond to its spiritual level.

At the same time, a person with a low level of spiritual development, guided by the satisfaction of only the most primitive physiological needs, is unable to either understand or appreciate the beauty of the world around him. The inner life of such a person is primitive and boring.

The spiritual life of a person: the main components

So what is the spiritual life of every human person? The inner world of a person, often referred to as his microcosm, is one of the integral and at the same time contradictory phenomena.

The main components of this microcosm are:

The spiritual life of a person is inseparable from his worldview, which is an integral system of views on the surrounding space and relationships with it.

Subdivided into different types, the worldview is:

1. Everyday (or everyday). Its formation is based on personal experience and occurs as a result of the influence of life circumstances.
2. Religious. It is based on the system of religious views, convictions and ideas of a believer.
3. Scientific. Based on the achievements of advanced scientific thought, it is a reflection of scientific ideas about the world and is enriched with the results of the latest scientific achievements.
4. Humanistic. This type of worldview is more of a goal than a reality. It combines ideas about social equality and justice, moral ideals, environmental safety with the most valuable features of the scientific worldview.

The spiritual life of a single person is inextricably linked with the spiritual sphere of the life of the entire human society.

Each new human personality, entering a society with an already formed spiritual foundation, must certainly go through the path of mastering all the spiritual values ​​concentrated in it.

The main elements of the spiritual life of society

What is the spiritual life of human society? It applies to all levels and types of social consciousness:

• scientific;
• political;
• religious;
• moral;
• aesthetic;
• legal.

In accordance with this, the spiritual life of human society is conventionally divided into four main components.

• Religion.

The essence of this phenomenon can be briefly described as a community of the church, specific dogmas, myths, ritual and cult functions.

• Morality.

This concept means a whole system of rules of behavior adopted in human society, based on a person's ideas about good and evil, social justice, bad and good. All these rules can reflect both an independent inner convictions of a person and actions taken under the pressure of public opinion.

• Art.

This special form of social reason is a system of artistic images that appeared as a result of creative rethinking of objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality.

• The science.

Philosophy interprets it as theoretically systematized knowledge obtained in the course of scientific research and clothed in the abstract-logical form of theories, laws, terms and hypotheses.

What is Spiritual Manufacturing?

The needs of the spiritual plane (as opposed to the needs of the material) are not included in the genetic program of an individual's development and do not appear in him after the moment of birth. They can form and develop only in the course of long-term socialization of his personality.

A unique feature of spiritual needs is the complete absence of boundaries for their growth. The only restraining beginning of the spiritual development of a person is only one volume of spiritual values ​​accumulated by human society at a certain moment, as well as the desire of the person himself to contribute to their increase.

To satisfy their spiritual needs, the most gifted representatives of human society engage in spiritual production. The products of such production are:

• Creative ideas.
• All kinds of theories and hypotheses.
• Artistic images.
• Spiritual values.
• Social ties between entire groups of individuals.
• Self-improvement of the personality of the person himself involved in the process of spiritual development.

The main types of spiritual production are:

1. Institute of Religion.
2. Education and Science.
3. Culture and art.

The spiritual world of a person and his constitutional rights

The spiritual life of each individual is a product of his practical activity and is inseparable from the spiritual practice of the entire human society.

What constitutes the spiritual world of each person? This is a single complex of knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, abilities, needs and goals.

The spiritual world of every human person is unique and inimitable. Each person reacts in his own way to the phenomena and objects of the surrounding space, since each person has his own mechanisms of thinking, memory and perception, a different degree of imagination, his own circle of contacts, interests and needs, hobbies and interests.

The inviolability of the spiritual world of every person referred to the private sphere is enshrined in Article 23 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to this article, a person has the right not to let strangers into his private life, since it guarantees the right to privacy, as well as to preserve personal and family secrets.

How are constitutional rights and the spiritual life of every individual who is a citizen of the Russian Federation interconnected?

• As an active member of society, each person has his own system of ideas, which are formed thanks to the efforts of his own intellect, the presence of emotions and assessments that cannot but prompt certain actions. This is how the position of the individual is formed regarding the place allotted to her in this world, and the Constitution consolidates this position, granting each individual the right to freely express their beliefs.
• It is most closely connected with a number of other rights that guarantee freedom of conscience, as well as freedom of thought and speech. Any attempt to impose views on an individual that diminish any of the listed rights is an illegal invasion of his privacy. Observance of these rights provides each person with the opportunity for spiritual self-expression in any area of ​​life.

If desired, any individual can engage in creative, economic or political activities.

Engaging in his spiritual self-improvement, the individual thereby contributes to the enrichment of not only his own inner world, but also the spiritual essence of the people around him.

What is the essence of human spirituality?

Why is the inner essence of a person called spiritual, and not just intellectual? First of all, because spirituality is a broader concept.

• love;
• kindness;
• optimism;
• conviction;
• a sense of self-esteem and personal dignity;
• recognition of the dignity and honor of other people.

A person who has reached a high level of spiritual development seeks to understand the motives of other people's actions, sees the dignity of their inner appearance, takes into account the individual characteristics of each person, including the undoubted advantages and disadvantages inherent in his personality.

Not a single baby who has appeared in this world is distinguished by the richness of its inner world. Each individual is free to form his inner appearance at his own discretion. Often, the path to spiritual perfection is fraught with many difficulties and suffering.

It is the state of mind that makes an individual happy or unhappy, determines his physical well-being, creates the prerequisites for success or failure.

Summing up everything that has been said above, we come to the inevitable conclusion that an equal sign can be put between the categories of spirituality and morality.

An immoral person - even one with a high level of intellectual development and the most brilliant education - cannot boast of the wealth of his inner spiritual world.

The spiritual life of society is usually understood as that area of ​​being in which objective reality is given to people not in the form of opposing objective reality, but as a reality that is present in a person himself, which is an integral part of his personality. The spiritual life of a person arises on the basis of his practical activity, is a special form of reflection of the surrounding world and a means of interaction with it. The spiritual life includes, as a rule, knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations and goals of people. Taken in unity, they constitute the spiritual world of the individual. Being a product of social practice, spiritual life is closely related to other spheres of society and is one of the subsystems of society.

The spiritual sphere of the life of society covers various forms and levels of social consciousness: moral, scientific, aesthetic, religious, political, legal. Accordingly, its elements are morality, art, religion and right.

Morality

A special role in regulating the life of society and the behavior of its members is played by morality.

Morality (from Lat.moralitas - relating to the disposition, character, disposition, habits; and Lat.mores - mores, customs, fashion, behavior) - a form of public consciousness, which reflects the views and ideas, norms and assessments of the behavior of individual individuals, social groups and society as a whole.

Morality regulates human behavior in all spheres of social life, supporting and sanctioning certain social foundations, the way of life, and communication between people. However, facilitating the regulation of people's social behavior is not the only function of morality. Morality is, first of all, a life guideline in which a person's striving for self-improvement is expressed. Its main function is the affirmation of the human in the person.

With the help of morality, society evaluates not only the practical actions of people, but also their motives, motives and intentions. A special role in moral regulation is played by the formation in each individual of the ability to develop and direct his own line of behavior in society relatively independently without everyday external control. This ability is expressed in terms such as conscience, honor, self-esteem.

Moral requirements for a person do not mean the achievement of some particular and immediate results in a certain situation, but adherence to general norms and principles of behavior. Fulfilling, along with the law that appeared later, the role of a regulator of people's behavior, morality has common features with it, but at the same time it fundamentally differs from it in a number of essential points.

The unity between them is expressed in the fact that:

1) in the system of social norms, they are the most universal, extending to the whole society;

2) the norms of morality and law have a single object of regulation - social relations;

3) both the norms of law and the norms of morality come from society;

4) norms of law and norms of morality have a similar structure;

5) the norms of law and norms of morality stood out from the mono-norms of primitive society.

Religion

The term "religion" translated from Latin literally means "binding, re-referring to something." It is much more difficult to define the concept of "religion". There are a great many such definitions, they depend on the authors' belonging to one or another philosophical school or tradition. Thus, Marxist methodology defined religion as a specific form of social consciousness, a perverted, fantastic reflection in the consciousness of people of external forces dominating over them. A believer is more likely to define religion as the relationship between God and man. Modern social science is trying to give a more neutral definition: religion is most often understood as a set of views and ideas, a system of beliefs and rituals that unites people who recognize them into one community. The basis of any religion is belief in the supernatural, that is, in the inexplicable with the help of laws known to science, which contradicts them.

The problem of the origin of religion is also controversial. The Church teaches that religion appears together with man, exists primordially. Materialistic teachings view religion as a product of the development of human consciousness. Convinced of his own powerlessness, of the inability to overcome the power of blind necessity in certain spheres of life, primitive man attributed supernatural properties to natural natural forces. To achieve the desired goals in these areas, along with quite rational, but insufficient actions, people began to perform ritual, symbolic acts designed to guarantee the desired result. Gradually, the belief was formed that such actions (ceremonies, rituals, mysteries) help in some mysterious way to achieve the cherished goals. Ultimately, strong ideas arose about some superhuman, supernatural forces, connections, relationships. Such constructions, despite all their apparent consistency and persuasiveness, have not been confirmed in archaeological data. Excavations of the most ancient sites testify to the presence of primitive religious beliefs already among the Neanderthals. In addition, primitive man felt himself to be a part of nature, did not resist it, although he tried to determine his place in the world around him, to adapt to it.

One of the earliest forms of religion was totemism - worship of any kind, tribe, an animal or plant as its mythical ancestor and protector (the word “totem” in the language of the North American Indians means “its kind”). Totemism has its roots in primitive society and originally expressed belief in the deep inner identity of all members of one or another primitive association with individuals of one particular species of animals. Gradually, it was overgrown with a significant number of rituals, magic (witchcraft), which is understood as actions and rituals performed with the aim of influencing the world around us in a supernatural way. Fetishism is inseparable from magic (from the word "fetish" - a magical thing) - belief in the magical properties of various objects (amulets, figurines, etc.). Magic and fetishism are not special forms of religion, their remnants are preserved within the framework of many modern beliefs (even world religions), although they are condemned by the official church.

All currently existing religions can be roughly divided into three large groups:

1) tribal primitive beliefs that have survived to this day;

2) national-state religions that form the basis of the religious life of individual nations (for example, Hinduism, Judaism, etc.);

3) world religions. There are only three of them: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.

The signs of world religions include:

a) a huge number of followers all over the world;

b) cosmopolitanism: they are inter- and supra-ethnic in nature, going beyond the boundaries of nations and states;

c) they are egalitarian (preach the equality of all people, appeal to representatives of all social groups);

d) they are distinguished by extraordinary propaganda activity and proselytism (the desire to convert persons of other confessions to their faith). All these properties have determined the wide spread of world religions: there are more than 1.4 billion Christians in the world, 0.8 billion Muslims (adherents of Islam), and 0.3 billion Buddhists.

Any religion includes several essential elements. Among them: faith (religious feelings, moods, emotions), doctrine (systematized, specially developed for a given religion, a set of principles, ideas, concepts), religious cult (a set of actions that believers perform with the aim of worshiping gods, i.e. rituals, prayers, sermons, etc.). Sufficiently developed religions also have their own organization - the church, which regulates the life of the religious community.

Predicting the future of religion is extremely difficult. In society, multidirectional processes are taking place: on the one hand, an increasing number of spheres of human activity are secularized, freed from the influence of religion, on the other hand, in many countries (especially in the former socialist countries) the role and authority of the church is growing. It is clear, however, that the promised displacement of religion by scientific thoughtthis will not happen soon.

Art

It is customary to call art a specific form of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding reality in artistic images. Through the creation of works of art, such a type of cognitive activity of people as artistic cognition is realized.

Art originated in the ancient era, but during this period it was not yet considered a special kind of activity. The ancient Greeks called “art” both the ability to build houses, and the skills of government, and the process of treating people, etc. The isolation of aesthetic activity proper, that is, art in its modern sense, first of all happened in the field of crafts. This can be clearly seen in the example of gon-charm craft. The manufacture of dishes, in particular the famous Greek vases, was accompanied by their decoration with various kinds of ornaments. An ornament is a pattern built on a regular rhythmic alternation and an organized arrangement of abstract geometric or figurative elements. Early Greek ornaments - meanders - were a line broken at right angles, forming a series of identical motifs connected with each other.

Gradually, the process of creating the aesthetic was transferred from the material sphere to the spiritual sphere, and artistic activity itself turned into the creation of a special (second, along with the objective), fictional world by man.

Art is the highest form of aesthetic consciousness. It is a necessary element of social consciousness, ensuring its integrity, mobility, stability in the present and focus on the future.

The subject of art is a person, his relationship with the world around him and other individuals, as well as the life of people in certain historical conditions. Art is conditioned by the natural world and social relations that surround individuals.

The form of being of art is a work of art that has a specific and genre specificity and is realized as a material object - a sign that conveys to people a certain artistic concept that has aesthetic value.

Art as a cultural phenomenon is subdivided into a number of types, each of which has a specific language, its own sign system. Scientists distinguish the following types of arts.

1. Architecture (architecture) - an art form that is a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for human life.

Architecture occupies a special place among other types of art, since it does not depict objects, but creates them. Architecture can be public, residential, urban planning, landscape gardening, industrial, restoration.

2. Painting - an art form whose works represent the display of life on a specific surface using color.

A piece created by a painter is called a painting. The painting can be painted on wood, paper, cardboard, silk or canvas.

The set of works, united by a common circle of themes or objects of the image, is called a genre. The following genres are distinguished in painting:

a) portrait - an image of a person or a group of people who exist or have existed in reality;

b) still life - the image of the things around a person;

c) landscape - an image of natural or human-transformed nature;

d) household genre - the image of the everyday life of people;

e) animalistic genre - the image of animals;

f) historical genre - the depiction of historical events and figures.

Graphics should be distinguished from painting, which, like painting, is associated with an image on a plane, but its works, as a rule, are performed on paper, smaller in format and easier to move in space.

Distinguish between easel, book, magazine and newspaper graphics. The genres of graphics basically repeat the genres of painting. To a certain extent, a specific graphic genre is caricature (satirical drawing, caricature).

3. Sculpture - a kind of fine art whose works have a physically material, objective volume and three-dimensional form, located in real space. Sculpture is subdivided into round (head, bust, torso statue) and relief. Relief is a convex image on a stone. All reliefs are divided into bas-reliefs, high-reliefs and counter-reliefs. Bas-relief is a low relief that rises above the plane by less than half of its real volume. High relief is a high relief that rises above the plane by more than half of its real volume. The counter-relief is an in-depth relief.

There are also easel, decorative and monumental sculptures. An easel is a small sculpture intended mainly for decoration of premises. The decorative sculpture is medium, and the monumental sculpture is large and huge.

4. Arts and crafts - a type of fine art directly related to the everyday needs of people. The arts and crafts include works made from a wide variety of materials (traditionally wood, clay, stone, glass and metal). A feature of this type of art is its utilitarianism, its involvement in the daily life of people. Like architecture, arts and crafts is a permanent factor in the formation of the human environment.

5. Literature - an art form that reflects reality in verbal and written images.

The first literary works - legends, epics, myths - appeared even when humanity did not have a written language, and were passed from mouth to mouth. Oral folk art is usually called folklore.

6. Music - an art form that reflects reality in sound artistic images. Music intended for singing is called vocal music. If the work is performed only on instruments, then such music is called instrumental.

7. Theater - a kind of art, the specific means of expression of which is the stage action that occurs in the process of an actor playing in front of an audience.

8. Circus - the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, magic tricks, clownery, musical eccentrics, horse riding, animal training.

9. Ballet - an art form, the content of which is revealed in dance and musical images.

10. Cinema - a kind of art, the works of which are created by filming real, specially staged or recreated by means of animation events.

11. Photography - the art of creating, by chemical and technical means, a visual image of documentary value, artistically expressive and with reliability capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.

12. Variety - an art form that includes small forms of drama, music and choreography, the main works of which are separate completed numbers.

Art is multifunctional: it performs many different functions in society.

The socially transforming function of art is manifested in the fact that it, having an ideological and aesthetic impact on people, includes them in a directed and holistically oriented activity to transform society.

The comforting and compensatory function consists in restoring in the sphere of the spirit of harmony, lost by a person in reality. With its harmony, art affects the inner harmony of the individual, contributes to the preservation and restoration of her mental balance.

The artistic and conceptual function is expressed in the property of art to analyze the state of the surrounding world.

The function of anticipation characterizes the ability of art to anticipate the future. Fantastic, utopian and socially predictive works of art are based on this ability.

The educational function of art reflects the role of art in the formation of an integral human personality, feelings and thoughts of people.

The inspiring function is manifested in the influence of art on the subconscious of people, on the human psyche. In tense periods of history, it plays a leading role in the general system of functions of art.

The aesthetic function is the specific ability of art to form aesthetic tastes and needs of a person, to awaken in a person the desire and ability to create according to the laws of beauty.

The hedonistic function shows the special, spiritual nature of art designed to please people. It relies on the idea of ​​the self-valuable value of the personality and realizes it, giving a person the disinterested joy of aesthetic pleasure.

The cognitive-heuristic function shows the cognitive role of art and is expressed in its ability to reflect and master those aspects of life that are difficult for science to access.

The specificity of art as a form of artistic knowledge lies in the fact that, firstly, it is figurative and visual. The subject of art - the life of people - is extremely diverse and is reflected in art in all its diversity in the form of artistic images. The latter, being the result of fiction, nevertheless are a reflection of reality and always bear the imprint of really existing objects, events and phenomena. An artistic image performs the same functions in art as a concept in science: with the help of it, the process of artistic generalization takes place, the selection of essential features of cognizable objects. The created images constitute the cultural heritage of society and are able, becoming symbols of their time, to have a serious impact on public consciousness.

Secondly, artistic cognition is characterized by specific methods of reproducing the surrounding reality, as well as the means by which artistic images are created. In literature, such a means is the word, in painting - color, in music - sound, in sculpture - volumetric-spatial forms, etc.

Thirdly, the imagination and fantasy of the cognizing subject play a huge role in the process of knowing the world with the help of art. Fictional fiction allowed in art is completely unacceptable, for example, in the process of scientific cognition.

Unlike various social sciences that study individual aspects of human life, art explores a person as a whole and, along with other types of cognitive activity, is a special form of cognition of the surrounding reality.

Art is included in an integral system of forms of social consciousness, which, along with it, includes the philosophy, politics, law, science, morality, and religion already discussed above. All of them perform their functions in a single cultural context arising from their interconnections.

Politics

Political sphere- this is the relationship of people associated primarily with power, which ensure joint security.

The Greek word politike (from polis - state, city), appearing in the works of ancient thinkers, was originally used to denote the art of government. Having retained this meaning as one of the central ones, the modern term "politics" is now used to expresssocial activities, in the center of which are the problems of acquiring, using and retaining power.The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

political organizations and institutions- social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc .;

political norms -political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;

political communications -relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;

political culture and ideology- political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

Needs and interests shape certain political goals of social groups. On this targeted basis, political parties, social movements, and powerful state institutions that carry out specific political activities arise. The interaction of large social groups with each other and with institutions of power constitutes the communicative subsystem of the political sphere. This interaction is ordered by various norms, customs and traditions. Reflection and awareness of these relations form the cultural and ideological subsystem of the political sphere.

9.9. Spiritual life of society

The role of spiritual values, social consciousness has always (more or less deeply) been realized by people. There is a social need for the creation of spiritual values ​​and the improvement of public consciousness. This is carried out in a special activity in the process spiritual production. If material production is aimed at the production of material goods, then spiritual activity, spiritual production is aimed at the production of spiritual values, the improvement of consciousness.

Spiritual production is scientific, artistic and other activities, as a result of which scientific and artistic works, religious texts, ideological concepts, etc. are created.

In the process of spiritual production, the formed knowledge and feelings are objectified, otherwise they will not become the property of society. It should be emphasized here that main product of spiritual production- not objects as such, but that information that is embodied in social objects and processes.

Spiritual production is carried out by scientific, artistic, ideological and other personnel, who are united in special institutions (scientific and ideological institutions, theater groups, etc.). Material resources and special equipment are used in spiritual production.

After spiritual values ​​are created and fixed (objectified), the next stage of spiritual life is their dissemination. So, scientists disseminate the knowledge gained either orally (for example, in reports, lectures), or in writing (in scientific works). In art, fiction is replicated, copies of films are created, etc.

In order for spiritual values ​​to have an impact on people, their consciousness, they must have a need to perceive and seek these values. These needs and abilities develop both in the process of daily life and as a result. purposeful education and upbringing. Education is aimed at the formation of knowledge, upbringing, social feelings, social psychology (although these processes cannot be sharply differentiated, they are interrelated).

Spiritual values ​​are passed down from generation to generation. For this to be possible, the products of spiritual production must be preserved (for example, books in libraries, paintings in museums).

2.5 Social consciousness and the spiritual life of society Analysis of the spiritual life of society is one of those problems of social philosophy, the subject of which has not yet been completely and definitely singled out. Only recently have there been attempts to give an objective characterization